Конспект лекций по дисциплине «История языка (англ.)» для студентов специальности «Иностранная филология»
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- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- The Adjective.
| The Pronoun.
OE pronouns fell under the same main classes: personal, demonstrative, interrogative and indefinite. OE personal pronouns had 3 persons, 3 numbers in the 1st and 2nd person, 2 numbers in the 3d and 3 genders in the 3d person. OE pronouns distinguished 4 cases: nominative, genitive, dative and accusative. There were 2 demonstrative pronouns in OE; The prototype of NE “that” which distinguished 3 genders in the singular and had one form for all genders in the plural and the prototype of “this” with the same subdivisions. They were declined like adjectives according to a five-case system: Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. and Instrumental. The demonstrative pronouns were used as noun determiners and through the agreement with the noun, they indicated its number, gender and case.
The adjective had number, gender and case. Those were dependent grammatical categories or forms of agreement of the Adj. with the noun. Adjectives had 3 genders and 2 numbers. Adjectives was a bit different from that of nouns as they had one more case –Instrumental. In OE the most adjectives could be declined in two ways: according to weak and to the strong declensions. The formal differences between the declensions were the same as in the nouns declensions. The subdivision for declension is based on the genders and stems. a-stem is for Masculine and Neuter, ō-stem is for Feminine. Declension Sing. Plur. M. N. F. M. N. F. Nom. hwæt hwæ t hwatu hwate hwatu hwata Gen. hwates hwates hwætre hwætra Dat. hwatum hwatum hwætre hwatum Acc. hwætne hwæt hwate hwate hwatu hwata Inst. hwate hwate hwætre hwatum (brave)
The weak declensions used the same markers as n-stems of nouns except the Genitive plural where the ending –ra was often used instead of the weak –ena. Unlike a noun, an adjective did not belong to a certain type of declension. Most adjectives could be declined in both ways. The example of weak declension of the adjective: Singular Plural M. N. F. All genders Nom. ōda ōde ōde ōdan Gen. ōdan ōdan ōdan ōdra (ōdena) Dat. ōdan ōdan ōdan ōdum Acc. ōdan ōde ōdan ōdan Instr. ōdan ōdan ōdan ōdum So the formal difference between strong and weak declensions and their forms were shown in all cases and both numbers. жүктеу/скачать 128,04 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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