Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов факультетов иностранных языков

Russian - English lexical correlations 
Lexical correlations are defined as lexical units from different languages which 
are phonetically and semantically related. Semantically Russian- English lexical 
correlations are various. They may denote everyday objects and commonly used 
things; brutal -грубый, cold - холодный, ground - грунт, kettle -котел, kitchen - 
кухня, money - монета, sister - сeстра, wolf- волк etc.
For instance the word bolshevik was at first indivisible in English, which is seen 
from the forms bolshevikism, bolshevikise, bolshevikian entered by some dictionaries. 
Later on the word came to be divided into the morphological elements bolshev-ik. 
The new morphological division can be accounted for by the existence of a number 
of words containing these elements (bolshevism, bolshevist, bolshevise; sputnik, 
udarnik, menshevik). 
Assimilation is the process of changing the adopted word. The process of 
assimilation of borrowings includes changes in sound form of morphological 
structure, grammar characteristics, meaning and usage. 
Phonetic assimilation comprises changes in sound form and stress. Sounds that 
were alien to the English language were fitted into its scheme of sounds, e.g. In the 
recent French borrowings communique, cafe the long [e] and [e] are rendered with the 
help of [ei]. The accent is usually transferred to the first syllable in the words from 
foreign sources. 
The degree of phonetic adaptation depends on the period of borrowing: the earlier 
the period the more completed this adaptation. While such words as "table", "plate" 
borrowed from French in the 8th - 11th centuries can be considered fully assimilated, 
later Parisian borrowings (15th c.) such as regime, valise, cafe" are still pronounced in 
a French manner. 
Grammatical adaption is usually a less lasting process, because in order to function 
adequately in the recipient language a borrowing must completely change its 

paradigm. Though there are some well-known exceptions as plural forms of the 
English Renaissance borrowings - datum pl. data, criterion - pl. criteria and others. 
The process of semantic assimilation has many forms: narrowing of meanings 
(usually polysemantic words are borrowed in one of the meanings); specialisation or 
generalisation of meanings, acquiring new meanings in the recipient language, 
shifting a primary meaning to the position of a secondary meaning. 
Completely assimilated borrowings are the words, which have undergone all types 
of assimilation. Such words are frequently used and are stylistically neutral, they may 
occur as dominant words in a synonymic group. They take an active part in word-
formation. 

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