Much broader in scope than career development, professional development is
defined as a growth that occurs through the professional cycle of a teacher.
Moreover, professional development and other organized in-service programs are
deigned to foster the growth of teachers that can be used for their further
development.
This perspective, in a way, is new to teaching in that professional development
and in-service training simply consisted of workshops or short term courses that
offered teachers new information on specific aspects of their work. Regular
opportunities and experiences for professional development over the past few years
had yielded systematic growth and development in the teaching profession.
Many have referred to this dramatic shift as a new image or a new module of
teacher education for professional development. In the past 15 years there have
been standards-based movements for reform . The key component of this reform
effort has been that effective professional development has created a knowledge
base that has helped to transform and restructure quality schools.
Much of the available research on professional development involves its
relationship to student achievement. Researchers differ on the degree of this
relationship. Variables are the school, teacher, student level related to the level of
learning within the classroom, parent and community involvement, instructional
strategies, classroom management, curriculum design, student background
knowledge, and student motivation. Based upon a review of several studies,
Marzano (2003) concluded that the professional development activities
experienced by teachers have a similar impact on student achievement to those of
the aforementioned variables.
Opportunities for active learning, content knowledge, and the overall
coherence of staff development are the top three characteristics of professional
development. Opportunities for active learning and content specific strategies for
staff development refer to a focus on teacher application of learned material.
Overall coherence refers to the staff development program perceived as an
integrated whole and development activities building upon each other in a
consecutive fashion. Marzano (2003) warned, however, that standardized staff
development activities which do not allow for effective application would be
ineffective in changing teacher behavior.
Richardson, (2003) published a list of characteristics associated with effective
professional development, stating that such programs would optimally be:
“statewide, long term with follow-up; encourage collegiality; foster
agreement among participants on goals and visions; have a supportive
administration; have access to adequate funds for materials, outside speakers,
substitute teachers, and so on; encourage and develop agreement among
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