Haqshenas Ahmad zia
Master student
Herat University
Islamic Republic of Afganistan
MAWLĀNĀ JALAL AD-DIN MUHAMMAD BALKHĪ RUMI
Аннотация: Статья посвящена жизни и творческой деятельности поэта
Мавланы Джалал ад - Дин Мухаммад Балхи Руми.
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Annotation: The article is devoted to the life and creative activity of the poet Mawlana
Jalal ad - Din Muhammad Balkhi Rumi .
Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhī (Persian:
للاج
دمحم نیدلا
ىخلب), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rumi (
للاج
دمحم نیدلا
یمور), and more popularly in the English-speaking world simply as
Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-
century Persian poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic. Iranians,
Turks, Afghans, Tajiks, and other Central Asian Muslims as well as
the Muslims of South Asia have greatly appreciated his spiritual
legacy in the past seven centuries. Rumi's importance is considered
to transcend national and ethnic borders. His poems have been
widely translated into many of the world's languages and
transposed into various formats. In 2007, he was described as the
"most popular poet in America."
Rumi's works are written in Persian and his Mathnawi remains one of the purest literary
glories of Persia, and one of the crowning glories of the Persian language. His original works are
widely read today in their original language across the Persian-speaking world (Iran, Tajikistan,
Afghanistan and parts of Persian speaking Central Asia). Translations of his works are very
popular in other countries. His poetry has influenced Persian literature as well as Urdu, Punjabi,
Turkish and some other Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages written in Perso-Arabic script e.g.
Pashto, Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai and Sindhi.
Rumi was born to native Persian-speaking parents, originally from the Balkh city of
Khorasan, in present-day Afghanistan. He was born either in Wakhsh, a village located on the
Vakhsh River in the greater Balkh region in present-day Tajikistan, or in the city of Balkh,
located in present-day Afghanistan.
Greater Balkh was at that time a major centre of Persian culture and Sufism had
developed there for several centuries. The most important influences upon Rumi, besides his
father, were the Persian poets Attar and Sanai. Rumi expresses his appreciation: "Attar was the
spirit, Sanai his eyes twain, And in time thereafter, Came we in their train" and mentions in
another poem: "Attar has traversed the seven cities of Love, We are still at the turn of one street".
His father was also connected to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra.
He lived most of his life under the Persianate Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, where he
produced his works and died in 1273 AD. He was buried in Konya and his shrine became a
place of pilgrimage. Following his death, his followers and his son Sultan Walad founded the
Mevlevi Order, also known as the Order of the Whirling Dervishes, famous for its Sufi dance
known as the Sama ceremony. He was laid to rest beside his father, and over his remains a
splendid shrine was erected. A hagiographical account of him is described in Shams ud-Din
Ahmad Aflāki's Manāqib ul-Ārifīn (written between 1318 and 1353). This hagiographical
account of his biography needs to be treated with care as it contains both legends and facts about
Rumi. For example, Professor Franklin Lewis, University of Chicago, in the most complete
biography on Rumi has a separate section for the hagiographical biography on Rumi and actual
biography about him.
Rumi's father was Bahā ud-Dīn Walad, a theologian, jurist and a mystic from Balkh, who
was also known by the followers of Rumi as Sultan al-Ulama or "Sultan of the Scholars". The
popular hagiographer assertions that have claimed the family's descent from the Caliph Abu Bakr
does not hold on closer examination and is rejected by modern scholars. The claim of maternal
descent from the Khwarazmshah for Rumi or his father is also seen as a non-historical
hagiographical tradition designed to connect the family with royalty, but this claim is rejected for
chronological and historical reasons. The most complete genealogy offered for the family
stretches back to six or seven generations to famous Hanafi Jurists.
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We do not learn the name of Baha al-Din's mother in the sources, but only that he
referred to her as "Māmi" (Colloquial Persian for Māma) and that she was a simple woman and
that she lived in the 13th century. The mother of Rumi was Mu'mina Khātūn. The profession of
the family for several generations was that of Islamic preachers of the liberal Hanafi rite and this
family tradition was continued by Rumi (see his Fihi Ma Fih and Seven Sermons) and Sultan
Walad (see Ma'rif Waladi for examples of his everyday sermons and lectures).
When the Mongols invaded Central Asia sometime between 1215 and 1220, Baha ud-Din
Walad, with his whole family and a group of disciples, set out westwards. According to
hagiographical account which is not agreed upon by all Rumi scholars, Rumi encountered one of
the most famous mystic Persian poets, Attar, in the Iranian city of Nishapur, located in the
province of Khorāsān. Attar immediately recognized Rumi's spiritual eminence. He saw the
father walking ahead of the son and said, "Here comes a sea followed by an ocean. He gave the
boy his Asrārnāma, a book about the entanglement of the soul in the material world. This
meeting had a deep impact on the eighteen-year-old Rumi and later on became the inspiration for
his works.
From Nishapur, Walad and his entourage set out for Baghdad, meeting many of the
scholars and Sufis of the city. From Baghdad they went to Hejaz and performed the pilgrimage at
Mecca. The migrating caravan then passed through Damascus, Malatya, Erzincan, Sivas, Kayseri
and Nigde. They finally settled in Karaman for seven years; Rumi's mother and brother both died
there. In 1225, Rumi married Gowhar Khatun in Karaman. They had two sons: Sultan Walad and
Ala-eddin Chalabi. When his wife died, Rumi married again and had a son, Amir Alim Chalabi,
and a daughter, Malakeh Khatun.
On 1 May 1228, most likely as a result of the insistent invitation of 'Alā' ud-Dīn Key-
Qobād, ruler of Anatolia, Baha' ud-Din came and finally settled in Konya in Anatolia within the
westernmost territories of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
Baha' ud-Din became the head of a madrassa (religious school) and when he died, Rumi,
aged twenty-five, inherited his position as the Islamic molvi. One of Baha' ud-Din's students,
Sayyed Burhan ud-Din Muhaqqiq Termazi, continued to train Rumi in the Shariah as well as the
Tariqa, especially that of Rumi's father. For nine years, Rumi practised Sufism as a disciple of
Burhan ud-Din until the latter died in 1240 or 1241. Rumi's public life then began: he became an
Islamic Jurist, issuing fatwas and giving sermons in the mosques of Konya. He also served as a
Molvi (Islamic teacher) and taught his adherents in the madrassa.
During this period, Rumi also travelled to Damascus and is said to have spent four years
there.
It was his meeting with the dervish Shams-e Tabrizi on 15 November 1244 that
completely changed his life. From an accomplished teacher and jurist, Rumi was transformed
into an ascetic.
Shams had travelled throughout the Middle East searching and praying for someone who
could "endure my company". A voice said to him, "What will you give in return?" Shams
replied, "My head!" The voice then said, "The one you seek is Jalal ud-Din of Konya." On the
night of 5 December 1248, as Rumi and Shams were talking, Shams was called to the back door.
He went out, never to be seen again. It is rumoured that Shams was murdered with the
connivance of Rumi's son, 'Ala' ud-Din; if so, Shams indeed gave his head for the privilege of
mystical friendship.
Rumi's love for, and his bereavement at the death of, Shams found their expression in an
outpouring of lyric poems, Divan-e Shams-e Tabrizi. He himself went out searching for Shams
and journeyed again to Damascus. There, he realised:
Why should I seek? I am the same as He. His essence speaks through me. I have been
looking for myself!
Mewlana had been spontaneously composing ghazals (Persian poems), and these had
been collected in the Divan-i Kabir or Diwan Shams Tabrizi. Rumi found another companion in
Salaḥ ud-Din-e Zarkub, a goldsmith. After Salah ud-Din's death, Rumi's scribe and favourite
144
student, Hussam-e Chalabi, assumed the role of Rumi's companion. One day, the two of them
were wandering through the Meram vineyards outside Konya when Hussam described to Rumi
an idea he had had: "If you were to write a book like the Ilāhīnāma of Sanai or the Mantiq ut-
Tayr of 'Attar, it would become the companion of many troubadours. They would fill their hearts
from your work and compose music to accompany it." Rumi smiled and took out a piece of
paper on which were written the opening eighteen lines of his Masnavi, beginning with:
Listen to the reed and the tale it tells, How it sings of separation…
Hussam implored Rumi to write more. Rumi spent the next twelve years of his life in
Anatolia dictating the six volumes of this masterwork, the Masnavi, to Hussam.
In December 1273, Rumi fell ill; he predicted his own death and composed the well-
known ghazal, which begins with the verse:
How doest thou know what sort of king I have within me as companion?
Do not cast thy glance upon my golden face, for I have iron legs.
Rumi died on 17 December 1273 in Konya; his body was interred beside that of his
father, and a splendid shrine, the Yeşil Türbe (Green Tomb, ءارضخلا هبق; today the Mevlâna
Museum), was erected over his place of burial. His epitaph reads:
When we are dead, seek not our tomb in the earth, but find it in the hearts of men.
Georgian Queen Gürcü Hatun was a patron and a close friend of Rumi. She was the one
who sponsored the construction of his tomb in Konya. The 13th century Mevlâna Mausoleum,
with its mosque, dance hall, dervish living quarters, school and tombs of some leaders of the
Mevlevi Order, continues to this day to draw pilgrims from all parts of the Muslim and non-
Muslim world. Jalal al-Din who is also known as Rumi, was a philosopher and mystic of Islam.
His doctrine advocates unlimited tolerance, positive reasoning, goodness, charity and awareness
through love. To him and to his disciples all religions are more or less truth. Looking with the
same eye on Muslim, Jew and Christian alike, his peaceful and tolerant teaching has appealed to
people of all sects and creeds.
Rumi's poetry is often divided into various categories: the quatrains ( rubayāt) and odes
( ghazal) of the Divan, the six books of the Masnavi. The prose works are divided into The
Discourses, The Letters, and the Seven Sermons.
Poetic works: Rumi's major work is the Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī ( Spiritual Couplets; یونثم
یونعم); Rumi's other major work is the Dīwān-e Kabīr ( Great Work) or Dīwān-e Shams-e Tabrīzī
( The Works of Shams of Tabriz; یزیربت سمش ناوید). Prose works: Fihi Ma Fihi ( In It What's in It,
Persian: هیف ام هیف); Majāles-e Sab'a ( Seven Sessions, Persian: هعبس سلاجم); Makatib ( The Letters,
Persian: بیتاکم).
REFERENCES:
1. William Harmless, Mystics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 167 р.
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Islamic Art and Spirituality", Suny Press, 1987. p. 115
2. Annemarie Schimmel, "I Am Wind, You Are Fire," p. 11. She refers to a 1989 article by Fritz
Meier.
3. Ritter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ
̲ alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b.
Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E.
Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. Excerpt: "known by the
sobriquet Mewlānā, persian poet and founder of the Mewlewiyya order of dervishes"
145
4. Annemarie Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddin Rumi, SUNY
Press, 1993, p. 193: "Rumi's mother tongue was Persian, but he had learned during his stay in
Konya, enough Turkish and Greek to use it, now and then, in his verse".
5. Naini, Majid. The Mysteries of the Universe and Rumi's Discoveries on the Majestic Path of
Love.
Мусагулова Ж.А.
Магистрант 1-курса Казахского
национального университета искусств
г.Астана, Казахстан
ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬСКОЕ ИСКУССТВО КАЗАХСТАНА
ПЕРИОДА НЕЗАВИСИМОСТИ
(посвящается 25-летию Независимости Республики Казахстан)
Аңдатпа: Ж.А.Мұсағұлованың мақаласында отандық орындаушылық өнерінің
тәуелсіздік жылдарындағы жалпы жағдайы мен деңгейі сипатталған. Сонымен қатар
орындаушылықтың мемлекеттік саясатпен тығыз қарым-қатынастығының негізгі
қағидалары қарастырылған.
За истекший период исполнительское творчество в Казахстане оформилось в
высокопрофессиональное направление казахской музыки и стало одним из ведущих
явлений культуры страны. Много ярких произведений вошло в музыкальную жизнь, они
звучат на концертах в нашей стране и за рубежом, а также активно используется в
обучении музыкантов-исполнителей. Исполнительская школа Казахстана достигла
высокого уровня, в стране появилось множество лауреатов конкурсов музыкантов
исполнителей различного уровня (республиканских, региональных, международных) - это
яркие
представители
скрипичной
школы:
А.Мусаходжаева,
М.Бисенгалиев,
Г.Мурзабекова; пианисты - Кадырбекова, Ж.Аубакирова, М.Сепп, А.Курмашев,
А.Долженко, О.Переверзев; виолончелисты – Горновский К.Андарбаев, Ю.Гусев,
Д.Баспаев А. Бурибаев, М. Аниятов, Д.Шакиров, Е. Курманаев и мн.др.
В их репертуаре многие произведения композиторов Казахстана обрели яркое
концертное воплощение, а некоторые из них стали своеобразной визитной карточкой
страны за рубежом.
Творчество исполнителей изучается наукой Казахстана активно. Оно исследовано в
историческом, теоретическом, культурологическом аспектах, особенно тщательно
исследованы претворённые в них особенности национального музыкального языка и
мышления. Достаточно назвать труды следующих отечественных ученых С.А.Кузембай,
А.С.Кетегеновой, А. У.Р.Джумаковой, Т.Ж.Егинбаевой, Д.Жумабековой, Г.Т.Акпаровой,
М.Ш.Мылтыкбаевой, С.Т.Туяковой и мн.др. Однако, концертно-сценическая деятельность
многих известных коллективов и музыкантов, а также национальный колорит и
фольклорная основа в их репертуаре не столь глубоко изучена музыкальной наукой и
остается интересным аспектом.
Ярким свидетельством возрастающей заинтересованности мирового сообщества в
казахской музыкально-исполнительской культуре, как традиционной, так и бикультурной,
становятся фестивали и международные конкурсы, проводимые в различных точках
нашей планеты, с приглашением наших исполнителей и исполнением произведений
казахстанских композиторов зарубежными исполнителями.
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В свете вышесказанного, предлагаемое автором изучение исполнительского
творчества казахстанских музыкантов открывает новую страницу в дальнейшем изучении
представленного направления.
Всякая страна обладает культурным наследием, и Казахстан не является
исключением. Но не везде оно бережется с особой гордостью и заботой. В нашем же
государстве раскрепощение духовности и возрождение культуры всегда были на особом
счету, поскольку эти процессы являлись одними из условий и, соответственно,
направлений работы по укреплению независимости.
Сегодня, после 20-летия независимости нашей страны, отмечается День
культурного наследия - «Мәдениет күні». Известно, что культурное наследие является в
Казахстане объектом пристального внимания. Более того, духовно-культурное развитие
народа в трудах и выступлениях главы государства Нурсултана Назарбаева
демонстрируется в качестве основы укрепления государственности. «Без культуры в
современном мире можно быстро «раствориться без остатка», – отметил Президент в
своем выступлении на VII сессии Ассамблеи народа Казахстана, названном «Духовно-
культурное развитие Казахстана как основа суверенитета и независимости страны».
В мае 2006 года, выступая с лекцией в Евразийском национальном университете
имени Л. Гумилева, Нурсултан Назарбаев особо отметил: «Конкурентоспособность
Казахстана должна привести не только к материальному, но и к духовному обогащению
нации» [1]. Что же касается размышлений Главы государства о культурной перспективе
страны, то ее выбор Нурсултан Назарбаев связывает с органическим синтезом культур,
который бы базировался на диалоге национально-культурных систем. Следствием такого
подхода к процессам в духовно-культурной сфере будет являться общеказахстанская
культура. В своей работе «В потоке истории» Президент подчеркнул: «Задача скорее
состоит в освоении нового культурного опыта, в национально-культурной интерпретации
ежедневно возникающих артефактов…» [2. С. 15]. Нельзя забывать о том, что под
культурным наследием страны обычно подразумеваются все следы человеческой
деятельности в физической среде, в природе. Уже на заре независимости, в 1992 году,
крупным событием в культурной жизни Казахстана стал Всемирный курултай казахов,
объединивший известных писателей, поэтов, ученых, общественных и религиозных
деятелей со всего мира. В этом же году решением Нурсултана Назарбаева была учреждена
президентская премия мира и духовного согласия. Она ежегодно присуждалась (в
количестве до трех премий) гражданам Казахстана и других государств с целью
государственной поддержки носителей идей мира, взаимного доверия, равенства и
одинаковой безопасности в межгосударственных отношениях. Среди других оснований
присуждения премии – весомый вклад в развитие международных культурных связей,
сферы народной дипломатии; усилия по утверждению атмосферы общественного и
межнационального согласия, укреплению единства народа республики; глубокие
публицистические произведения, формирующие уважение к культуре и историческим
традициям наций и народностей Казахстана. В конце 1996 года в стране был принят закон
«О культуре», который стал регулировать общественные отношения в сфере создания,
возрождения, сохранения, развития, использования и распространения казахской
национальной культуры и культуры других народов Казахстана.
В этом смысле показательной является плодотворная высокопрофессиональная
творческая деятельность многих талантливых музыкантов Республики.
За 20 лет независимости сделано чрезвычайно много, самое главное - заложен
прочный фундамент для будущего развития музыкального и театрального искусства
Казахстана. За этот период в нашей стране были открыты два театра оперы и балета в г.
Астане и Шымкенте, 10 драматических и музыкально-драматических. Ощутимо
повысился
уровень
конкурентоспособности
казахстанских
исполнителей
на
международной арене, что подтверждено участием в престижных международных
конкурсах и фестивалях, завоеванием ими званий лауреатов и дипломантов престижных
147
международных конкурсов. Солисты оперы повышали свое вокальное мастерство в театре
La Scala в Милане и Вене.
Казахстан привлекает внимание мировых звезд искусства. В республике
традиционно проводятся международные конкурсы и фестивали разных направлений и
жанров, такие как фестиваль кукольных театров, конкурс вокалистов, скрипачей,
балетного искусства, пианистов, фестиваль «Музыка великой степи» и «Опералия»,
которые являются мощным фактором интеграции в мировое культурное пространство.
Также для сохранения традиций государством ежегодно проводятся различные
конкурсы, среди которых самые известные - Республиканский конкурс исполнителей
традиционной песни имени А. Кашаубаева, Республиканский конкурс исполнителей на
народных инструментах имени Курмангазы. Большое внимание уделяется развитию
данного направления и в регионах. Это конкурсы исполнителей на народных
инструментах имени Таттимбета, имени Дины Нурпеисовой, конкурсы исполнителей
традиционных песен имени Майры, Кенена Азербаева и другие.
И сегодня можно сказать, что годы независимости упрочили непреходящую
духовную ценность казахстанского музыкального и театрального искусства, определили
место и значение его для всей национальной культуры как "Песнь независимости".
Особое чувство радости и гордости за казахстанских музыкантов вызывает
пропаганда национального наследия на международной арене, что способствует прочному
укреплению позиций современных исполнителей Республики не только на родине, но и на
мировом олимпе.
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