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Curriculum is an approved set of course
units, comprehensive description of a study
program. It includes learning objectives or
intended outcomes, contents and quantity of
credit hours. A curriculum is prescriptive,
which means that is issued by the governing
body and lists topics the must be understood
by the student at the end of the course, and
what level to achieve a particular grade or
standard.
Syllabus is a sub set of a curriculum.
Essentially, a syllabus is a descriptive outline
and summary of topics that are to be covered
in an education or training course. The sylla-
bus will usually provide specific information
about the said training course and is often
drafted by the governing body or by the in-
structor of the course. A typical syllabus will
contain information on how, where and when
to contact the lecturer and teaching assistants;
an outline of what will be covered in the
course; a schedule of test dates and the due
dates for assignments; the grading policy for
the course; specific classroom rules; etc.
According to the purpose of a syllabus
is to ensure consistency between courses, for
example, thought at different colleges under
the same governing body. A syllabus issued
by the governing body, i.e. the board of educa-
tion, the head of department, etc, may be
modified by the instructor as long as it is con-
sistent with the curriculum. The syllabus also
serves as a means for the students to be aware
and understanding what they will be thought
in the duration of the course.
If a syllabus is a kind of outline or other
brief statement of the main points of a course,
the subjects of lectures, the contents of a cur-
riculum, etc. in other words, it is a main part
providing a good process of education. There
is another question -what is an effective sylla-
bus? And which way a teacher should make it
to achieve the status of effective one.
An effective syllabus conveys what the
class will be like, what students will do and
learn, as well as what they can expect of their
teacher. A well designed syllabus achieves the
following: It increases the likelihood of stu-
dent success. It guides student learning in ac-
cordance with a teacher’s expectations and
demonstrates to students that teacher takes
care about their learning. It decreases the
number of problems which arise in the course.
Fewer misunderstandings arise when the
"rules of the game" are explicitly stated. It as-
sists teacher professional development. Writ-
ing and revising a syllabi provide the teacher
the reoccurring opportunity to reflect on both
the form and purpose of his/her approach to
teaching such questions as:
- Why do I select the content I do?
- Should I present the content in this or-
der?
- Are these the best teaching strategies
for this course?
- Is there a better way to evaluate
achievement?
It tacitly records and transmits your
teaching philosophy not only for students but
for colleagues. Syllabus is often thought of as
“that apparently benign document instructors
assemble and distribute to students at the start
of the semester.” Whether it is intended or not,
the quality of the syllabus is a fairly reliable
indicator of the quality of teaching and learn-
ing that will take place in a course (Woolcock,
2003). Therefore, it behooves instructors to
make the effort to construct a high-quality syl-
labus. The results of that effort can benefit the
instructor as well as his or her students. It
documents and shares your beliefs about
teaching. Even very good syllabi have incom-
plete elements that could bear revision before
next teaching course.
The reason of constant syllabus revision
is annual changes of students’ needs. Prelimi-
nary stage of syllabus writing is conducting of
needs analysis. What is needs analysis? It is a
thing we need to know before start teaching is
what the students want We can find out stu-
dent needs and student wants by asking the
students questions about themselves and the
language (which is usually called ‘needs
analysis’ ) and then finding out how much you
agree with what they just said (‘diagnostic
testing’).
When we are deciding how to go about
needs analysis with a student/group of stu-
dents, we need to think about two questions:
- What do we want/need to know about
them?
- How can we find it out?
A good way of starting to design a syl-
labus is conducting needs analysis for a stu-
dent (or a general needs analysis format for a
school) is to brainstorm all the questions you
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could possibly want to ask them, and then edit
them down. Teacher can brainstorm and or-
ganize the questions students should / can be
asked by several schemes: by question word,
by skills and language, by time, by place.
By question word:
- What - e.g. What exactly do you do in
English in your job?
- When - e.g. When is your next meet-
ing in English?
- Which - e.g. Which parts of the lan-
guage do you find most difficult?
- Where - e.g. Where do you use Eng-
lish? - in meetings
- Who - e.g. Who do you speak English
with - native / non-native speakers?
- How - e.g. How formal does the Eng-
lish you use need to be?
- How much - e.g. How much home-
work do you want?
- How long - e.g. How long have you
been studying English?
- How often - How often do you watch
English language films?
- How far - e.g. How far do you
want/need to go with your English?
By skill and language
- Which skills do you use/need/lack
most?
By time
- Past/ present/future e.g. study / use of
English / exposure to English in each of these
three times.
By place
Inside work (see above) / outside work
(e.g. travel/films/TV)
Before carrying out needs analysis
teacher should ask himself: if there is anything
he/she would add/take away from this list for
the students he/ she is going to teach? The re-
sults got after this brainstorming should be
analyzed. There are two times needs analysis
can be done, with various advantages and dis-
advantages: before class or during the first
class. The first method (before class) can be
done by giving them a form to fill in or by
asking them questions in the level test and
making notes to be passed onto the future
teacher. The second (during class) depends on
the situation:
- In one-to-one classes, you can simply
ask them the questions and write down the
answers. For this, a reminder list of possible
questions and a form to write the answers
down on are useful.
- In group classes, they can ask each
other questions about themselves and the lan-
guage, or they can negotiate priorities or even
the syllabus together. To ask each other the
questions, the teacher will need to give them
some help by brainstorming some categories
of questions, such as the question words brain-
storm above. Negotiating a syllabus can be
done by giving them a list of things to priori-
ties by importance/usefulness, and then ask
them to agree together on those priorities in
ever larger groups.
The following universal form of inter-
view can be used in almost every situation - in
needs analysis during level test interviews, in
one-to-one, first classes, and for students to
interview each other in pairs or group classes:
the example of an interview form
Name ________________________________________
General information
Job:______________________________________
Study:____________________________________
Hobbies:__________________________________
Travel:____________________________________
Reason of motivation:________________________
Other:_____________________________________
Practice of and expo-
sure to English
Present:
1) What’s your study (job) pre-
cisely?________________________________________
2) Which of these do you find difficult/ need to improve?
(Grammar, speaking, listening, writing, vocabulary)
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What fields/ topics do you need to talk about/ need vocabulary of?
Past:
1) What’s the last thing you did in English?____________
2) Have you studied English before?____________________
3) How long/ to what level?________________________
Future:
1)What are your short term and long term aims for English?_____
2) What’s the next thing you have to do in Eng-
lish?|_______________________________________
3) Any big conferences / meetings / business trips / conference
calls / presentations coming
up?_________________________________________
4) How far do you want to go with your English (each
skill)?______________________________________
About outside work
1) Do you do anything else in English? (CNN?, subtitled movies?,
DVD?, business papers?)_______________________________
2)What resources do you have at home/ work?(tick)
•
Dictionary- bilingual/ monolingual
•
Internet access
•
TV/ DVD
•
Press- general and specialized.
3) Do you travel to English speaking/ other coun-
tries?____________________________
Wants
1) How do you like studying English?_______________
2) What did you think of your previous lessons?_____________
3) What’s the best way to learn a language?_________________
4) How much homework can you do?___________________
5) When is the most convenient time for
classes_____________________
Strength and weak-
nesses
Student’s self-analysis:
Teacher’s analysis:
Oral level:
Written level:
Other:
Having students’ interview forms ana-
lyzed the teacher has an ability to start writing
a syllabus taking into consideration all stu-
dents wants. Nowadays there are a lot of mate-
rials dealing with the process of a good sylla-
bus design which are describe the best way of
stepwise syllabus development The process of
developing a syllabus can be a reflective exer-
cise, leading the instructor to carefully con-
sider his or her philosophy of teaching, why
the course is important, how the course fits in
the discipline, as well as what topics will be
covered, when assignments will be due, and so
on . This can be an enlightening experience
that results in an improved course. In addition,
by making sure expectations are clearly com-
municated, instructors can circumvent a whole
host of student grievances and misunderstand-
ings during the semester.
There is no right way of syllabus design
as it is still a creative work of every teacher
and the degree of its attractiveness, clearness,
fulfillment influence on students’ interest to
the course and educational progress as a
whole.
According to QUEECA (Quality of En-
gineering Education in Central Asia) “Stan-
dards and Guidelines” for each course unit of
any subject program should be defined at
least:
- name;
- number of ECTS credits (European
Credit Transfer System);
- course year and semester of delivery;
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- lecturer/s;
- learning outcomes specific of the
course unit and consistent with the established
learning outcomes of the SP;
- contents, objectives and schedule;
- typologies of the educational activities
(e.g.: theoretical lessons, practical lessons,
laboratories, projects, etc.), also in terms of
number of hours/credits for each typology, and
relative instructional forms of education (e.g.:
face to face education, distance education,
blended education, etc), also in terms of
hours/credits for each form;
- assessment methods (e.g.: written ex-
aminations, oral examinations, etc.) and crite-
ria (descriptions of what the learner is ex-
pected to do and to what level, in order to
demonstrate that a learning outcome has been
achieved and to what extent); criteria for
measuring students’ learning (e.g.: attribution
of a final grade, fitness declaration, etc.) and
criteria of attribution of the final grade, if any;
- preparatory course units, if any;
- didactic material of reference (e.g.:
textbooks, lecture texts, etc.).
The definition of the characteristics of
the course units should be coordinated by the
SP, particularly in order to avoid gaps or su-
perimpositions in the definition of the specific
learning outcomes and contents and to assure
the suitability of the assessment methods to a
correct assessment of the students’ learning.
The assessment methods and criteria should
provide evidence of their capacity to check the
effective achievement of the intended learning
outcomes by the students and ensure trust that
the level of achievement by the students is
assessed in a credible way.
The guidelines to the organization and
contents of a syllabus was proposed by
Altman, H. B., & Cashin, W. E. by the words
of the authors any syllabus might be accepted
as effective if it has:
- basic course information, department,
number of units, semester, meeting time and
location,
- basic instructor information (name, ti-
tle, rank, office address, phone number, e-
mail, office hours, preferred method of con-
tact),
- course description (introduction to the
subject matter, what the course is about how it
fits in the college or department curriculum,
why students would want to learn the mate-
rial),
- clear content and objectives, (unit ob-
jectives may be included in the syllabus or
handed out as a separate document),
- prerequisites (courses that students
should have successfully completed, knowl-
edge students are expected to have),
- course requirements and assessment
overview,
- nature of assignments and exams (de-
tails can be in a separate handout),
- deadlines and test dates,
- description of grading procedures,
- description of how grades will be as-
signed, components of final grade, weights,
grading scale,
- learning resources,
- textbook and other required materials,
- supplemental readings, etc.,
- campus resources - tutoring, writing,
counseling, etc.,
- estimate of student work load,
- hints for how to study, take note, etc.,
- availability of past exams, etc.,
- course policies,
- course specific polices—late assign-
ments, make-up exams, attendance, participa-
tion, etc.,
- important dates such as drop dates, fi-
nal exam date, etc.,
- course calendar or schedule,
- sequence of course topics with tenta-
tive (or firm) dates,
- due dates for assignments, exams,
- preparations or readings.
According to Jim Perry, any course syl-
labus should have descriptions of the teaching
techniques and a detailed outline of how class
time will be spent during a course just to at-
tract students to the course and provoke their
interest. For example: the teacher is imple-
menting a new and different approach to this
class and to education. Students are asked to
try many new activities.
The example of teaching method
“This course is primarily a lecture
course, presented in module form, supple-
mented with discussion, films, and guest
speakers. I have purposely broken the material
in short segments to facilitate its absorption.
During a typical class period, I will begin with
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general business, and then will present two
(approximately 20 minute) segments of mate-
rial broken up by a "topic of the day."
TOPICS OF THE DAY: To break up my lec-
tures and keep us all alert, we will cover a
short topic of general interest each day. These
topics are designed to be brief, to involve stu-
dents, and to be useful for avoiding the com-
ment: "How could you have gone to college
and not know ___?!"
- Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Sociology
1001: Introduction to Sociology
After taking the course it is necessary to
get students’ feedback, concerning the course
procedure. It might be done in questionnaire
form.
1. What kind of activities did you find
most useful on this course? Why?
2. What activities helped you less?
Why?
3. Name three changes that you would
make to the course and justify them.
4. Which was the most memorable part
of the course for you? Why?
5. Have your expectations of the course
been met? In other words, how satisfied are
you with the course?
6. What will you take away and use af-
ter the course?
7. What is your opinion on this form of
learning after taking this course?
8. What do you think about your own
performance throughout the course?
9. What do you think about your
teacher's performance throughout the course?
Summarizing everything written above
it should be said that there are three basic steps
of a syllabus design; pre-writing, the stage
where we do needs analysis finding out our
students’ needs and wants, the second is while
–writing, the process of creating, the third-
post writing, collection and analysis of results
and students’ opinions to know whether the
course was useful, effective and interesting to
students just to avoid made mistakes in future.
The most important criterion of any syllabus is
its effectiveness; it means the set objectives of
a program must be achieved by means of
learner’s outcomes which should be specific,
useful, relevant, and standard-setting.
REFERENCES
1. QUEECA (Quality of Engineering Educa-
tion in Central Asia) “Standards and Guide-
lines, TEMPUS, http: // www. queeca. eu/
2. Altman H. B. & Cashin W. E. Writing a
syllabus, 2003
3. Woolcock, M.J.V. Constructing a syllabus,
2003
4. Davis B.G. Tools for teaching. San Fran-
cisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993
5. Parkes J. & Harris M. B. The purposes of a
syllabus. College Teaching, 50 (2), 2002,
P.55-61.
6. Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Sociology 1001:
Introduction to Sociology
7.policy: http://www.fpd.finop.umn.edu/
8.
http://cte.illinois.edu/resources/
УДК 94 : 378
ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ КОНТРОЛЯ ЗНАНИЙ И УМЕНИЙ СТУДЕНТОВ ПО
ИСТОРИИ КАЗАХСТАНА НА ОСНОВЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЗАДАНИЙ В
ТЕСТОВОЙ ФОРМЕ
Ляпунова Н.Н.
В условиях актуализации роли само-
стоятельного изучения материала как глав-
ного вида деятельности обучающихся осо-
бую значимость приобретают разного рода
задания. В организации учебного процесса
в вузе изменилось соотношение аудитор-
ных и неаудиторных занятий. Кредит пред-
ставляет собой соотношение 1/3 часов на
аудиторные занятия и 1/3 – на самостоя-
тельную работу студентов. Аудиторное
время равно времени самостоятельной ра-
боты студентов.
Необходимые условия успешности
самостоятельной работы студентов под ру-
ководством преподавателя (СРСП) и само-
стоятельной работы студентов (СРС) – пе-
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педагогическая поддержка. По-прежнему
одним из направлений совершенствования
учебного процесса является осуществление
четкого контроля над качеством и эффек-
тивностью усвоения содержания учебного
материала по предмету.
Традиционные формы, виды и прие-
мы контроля демонстрируют существен-
ные недостатки:
- один из главных недостатков - сло-
жившаяся практика определения итоговых
отметок – их малая информативность;
- субъективизм оценки уровня зна-
ний, умений и навыков - используемая
балльная шкала не стала в полной мере ин-
струментом шкалирования инструментов
обучения;
- система оценивания не способству-
ет достижению планируемых образова-
тельных результатов всеми обучающимися
в группе.
Какие изменения следует внести в
систему контроля, оценки за качеством ус-
воения содержания учебного материала,
формируемыми умениями? Что препятст-
вует таким изменениям и что может им
способствовать?
Решению этих вопросов, в меру ком-
петентности автора, посвящена данная ста-
тья.
Необходимо определиться с базовы-
ми понятиями, для чего обратимся к основ-
ным идеям теории педагогических измере-
ний Вадима Сергеевича Аванесова.
В его трактовке предлагаются опре-
деления понятий «педагогический тест»,
«тестовое задание», «задание в тестовой
форме».
Педагогическое задание в тестовой
форме (ЗТФ) – это технологическое сред-
ство интеллектуального развития, образо-
вания и обучения, способствующие активи-
зации учений, повышению качества зна-
ний, а также повышению эффективности
педагогического труда [1].
Аванесов В.С. отмечает следующие
свойства ЗТФ: краткость; лучшая пони-
маемость смысла заданий; быстрота ответа
обучающегося; определение меры трудно-
сти каждого задания; технологичность.
Потенциал ЗТФ велик. Они могут
быть включены в образовательную техно-
логию задачного типа.
Тестовое задание определяется как
составная единица теста, отвечающее со-
держательно-педагогическим требованиям,
предъявляемым к ЗТФ и кроме того, стати-
стическим требованиям: известные трудно-
сти; достаточной вариативности тестовых
баллов испытуемых по заданию; положи-
тельной корреляцией ответов по заданию с
исходными тестовыми баллами испытуе-
мых.
Задания в тестовой форме могут
стать тестовыми только после эмпириче-
ской проверки их статических свойств на
типичных группах испытуемых.
Что касается определения «педагоги-
ческий тесто» (ПТ), то автор предлагает
два определения:
- под педагогическим тестом понима-
ется система заданий равномерно возрас-
тающей трудности, позволяющая оценить
структуру и качественно измерить уровень
подготовленности испытуемых [1];
- под педагогическим тестом понима-
ется научно-обоснованный метод, пред-
ставляющий систему заданий специфиче-
ской формы, возрастающей трудности, оп-
ределенного содержания, позволяющий
качественно оценить структуру знаний и
эффективно измерить их уровень [2].
В статье мы будем вести речь о зада-
ниях в тестовой форме, как предтестах. Им,
чтобы стать тестами, необходимо пройти
эмпирическую проверку их статистических
свойств на типичных группах испытуемых.
Практическое использование ПТ и
ЗТФ связано с решением ряда вопросов.
Прежде всего это подготовка учебного ма-
териала. Стандартной тестовой базы по ис-
тории Казахстана для вузов нет. Возникает
необходимость самим преподавателям раз-
рабатывать ее. К тому же у преподавателя
свои требования к содержанию и форме
заданий.
Разработка ПТ/ ЗТФ начинается с по-
становки цели тестирования и составления
плана теста. Для того, чтобы не утратить
главного в содержании учебного материа-
ла, следует цели иерархизировать, взаимно
расположить.
В настоящее время классификация
целей (или, как ее иначе называют, таксо-
номия целей Б.С. Блума), является наибо-
лее известной в мировой педагогической
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