part of lung parenchyma which is ventilated with the bronchus

30 
10) main posterior segment (segmentum basale posterius 
[S
X
]). 
In the upper lobe of the left lung: 
1) – 2) apical-posterior 
segment 
(segmentum 
apicoposterius [S
І
+
ІІ
]);
3) anterior segment (segmentum anterius [S
III
]); 
4) upper lingular lobe (segmentum lingulare superius [S
IV
]); 
5) lower lingular lobe (segmentum lingulare inferius [S
V
]). 
In the lower lobe of the left lung: 
6) upper segment (segmentum superius [S
VI
]); 
7) mediastinal cardiac segment (segmentum basale mediale 
(cardiacum) [C
VII
]); 
8) main anterior segment (segmentum basale anterius [S
VIII
]); 
9) main lateral segment (segmentum basale laterale [S
IX
]); 
10) main posterior segment (segmentum basale posterius 
[S
X
]). 
The pulmonary tissue is supplied with blood mostly due to 
2 – 3 bronchial arteries which depart from the thoracic part of 
aorta and go along bronchi.
A. et vv. pulmonales are the vessels of lesser circulation and 
have the function of gas exchange between air and blood. The 
terminal branches of bronchial arteries of greater circulation 
anastomose with pulmonary arteries. Bronchial veins 
(vv. bronchiales) go into azygos vein (v. azygos) on the right, 
and into hemiazygos vein on the left.
Deep and superior lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the 
lungs. The superficial veins make surface vasculature which is 
located in visceral pleura. Deep vasculature is located in 
connective layers between the lung lobes.
Regional lymph nodes make the following groups: 
1. Intrapulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphoidei 
intrapulmonales) are located in the lung parenchyma, 

31 
mostly in places of bronchial branching. 
2. Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphoidei 
bronchopulmonales) are located in the hilum. Their draining 
lymph vessels go to tracheobronchial lymph nodes. 
3. The superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes 
(nodi lymphoidei tracheobronchiales superiores et inferiores) 
are connected to trachea and superior and inferior primary 
bronchi. Their draining lymph vessels go to the nodi 
lymphoidei paratracheales. 
4. Nodi lymphoidei paratracheales are located along the 
trachea. 
From the lung the lymph drains to the root of the lung and 
before entering lymphatic duct passes through one of these 
nodes. Most of the lymph is drained into the right lymphatic 
duct (ductus lymphaticus dexter). From the inferior parts of 
both lungs the lymph is drained by vessels which go through 
lobes of pulmonary ligaments to the lymph nodes of posterior 
mediastinum which are located along esophagus (nodi 
lymphoidei juxtaoesophageales). 
Lung innevation is provided by sympathetic and 
parasympathic nerves. Sympathetic nerves cause bronchi 
dilatation and vasoconstriction. Parasympathic nerves contract 
bronchi, dilatate vessels, and increase secretion of mucous 
glands.
The branches of vagus nerves and thoracic pulmonary 
branches of sympathetic trunks form the pulmonary plexus 
(plexus pulmonalis) in the hila. It is quite important 
reflexogenic zone which should be blocked by novocaine 
during operations. 
Lung nerves are connected with heart nerves by means of 
anastomoses. 

32 

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