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№ 1(134)/2021
ВЕСТНИК Евразийского национального университета имени Л.Н. Гумилева.
Серия Педагогика. Психология. Социология
BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociology Series
G.A. Rizakhojayeva, N.S. Ibadullayeva
and
evaluating strategy coming after the task has
been accomplished.
Planning strategies refer to procedures before
reading and involve selecting goals, predicting,
selective attention, choosing a set of strategies
according to task demands, distributing time
and resources [12]. According to O’Malley et al.,
it can be categorized into such components as
advance organizers (previewing the main idea and
concepts through skimming),
directed attention
(focus on the task in general without attention to
concepts, ideas, principles and situational details
in the text),
selective attention (paying attention to
phrases, concepts, specific details in advance and
scanning them for an efficient task performance),
self-management (accountability for one’s cognitive
process, directing and controlling one’s learning
procedure).
A good example of
monitoring strategy is
learner’s regular self-testing his performance
while doing the task [13]; his awareness of how
the learning process is going on, what strategies
are being employed, whether he understands
the text meaning and questions, what another
cognitive or metacognitive strategy to deploy to
repair comprehension or stop using the previous
strategy and change it into more effective one
in case the content and context of the task is
unclear. To monitor one’s information processing
and comprehension, to check and revise task
elements regularly are the main functions of
self-monitoring metacognitive strategy which
according to O’Malley et al., is divided into
such subcomponents as production, auditory,
visual, style, strategy, plan and double-check
monitoring. Wenden highlights the importance
of monitoring process for a learner to generate
metacognitive knowledge, the term, described
by Flavell as a person’s knowledge about how to
manage one’s cognitive process and achieve the
goal in combined interactions with one’s person,
task and strategy variables which can be activated
by the person consciously or unconsciously
when accomplishing a cognitive task [14]. As an
example, Wenden illustrates that a learner gives
himself internal feedback perceiving in what part
of the task he has a difficulty, what decision to
make to overcome this challenge. These tactics
serve as a good basis for his problem solving and
internal assessment of comprehension which is
a powerful indicator to improve and expand his
cognition, metacognition, and motivation.
According to Schraw and Moshman,
evaluating
strategy relates to learner’s accurate assessment
of both his final task product and self-regulatory
process as well as checking the outcomes,
strategies use and the level of language learning
skills against measures of accuracy. O’Malley
et al., subdivide self-evaluation strategies into
production, performance, ability, and strategy
evaluations which are of great significance
to deliberately assess one’s strengths and
weaknesses within these aspects.
A classification of metacognitive reading
strategies is associated with metacognitive
awareness of reading strategy inventory
(MARSI) elaborated by Mokhtari et al., to assess
students perceived metacognitive awareness.
This self-report research instrument consists of
three metacognitive strategies.
Global reading
strategies include employing typographical aids,
analyzing, and evaluating and previewing the
text, whereas
problem solving strategies involve
re-reading, guessing the meaning of unknown
words, thinking about what a learner is reading,
changing the reading pace.
Support reading
strategies encompass reading aloud, discussing
about the learned material with a partner to
check one’s understanding and underlining main
ideas [15].
Overall, metacognitive strategies as higher-
order thinking strategies orchestrate the whole
cognitive process and serve as a great tool for a
learner to manage and self-regulate his mental
routine, reinforce his schematic self-knowledge
when applied regularly.
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