130
№ 1(134)/2021
Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университетінің ХАБАРШЫСЫ.
Педагогика. Психология. Әлеуметтану сериясы
ISSN: 2616-6895, eISSN: 2663-2497
sequential longitudinal and descriptive studies
carried out by O’Malley et al., with beginner,
intermediate and advanced levels of EFL and ESL
students implementing retrospective interviews,
classroom observations and think aloud method.
Overall, strategies utilized by learners on
language learning tasks such as vocabulary,
pronunciation, grammar, oral drills, listening and
reading comprehension, writing compositions
and oral presentations, differed when comparing
learners’ language proficiency levels, the range
and number of students’ strategies application,
differences between effective and less effective
learners in their strategy use frequency. For
example, in study 1 ESL beginners’ cognitive
strategies use whose interviews were taken
in native language doubled in number in
comparison with intermediates. On the contrary
to the previous study, in study 2 EFL Spanish and
Russian intermediate and advanced students
used more strategies than beginners. In study 1
planning was the most frequently used dominant
metacognitive strategy, and repetition, note taking,
imagery and translation were used as frequent
cognitive strategies. What is surprising in study 1
is that learners did not utilize multiple strategies
for integrative tasks which require active mental
process, instead, a wide range of strategies were
employed for isolated tasks. In study 2, planning
metacognitive strategies predominated in both
Spanish and Russian students which are like
study 1. All levels of Spanish students preferred
translation cognitive strategy more frequently,
whereas beginner Russian students tended to use
more repetition and translation, advanced and
intermediate ones reported to use note taking.
Beginners of both groups preferred repetition,
translation, and transfer while other levels
employed inference, repetition and transfer and
used a little elaboration, grouping, summarizing,
and rehearsal. In study 3, world knowledge,
personal experience and self-questioning types of
elaboration strategy were employed by effective
learners efficiently rather than less effective
learners. In study 4, a new metacognitive
strategy known as ‘problem identification’ was
revealed, a close relationship of elaboration
cognitive strategy with transfer, imagery and
inference was established. Differences between
less and more effective learners were that the
former utilized fewer strategies than the latter,
but they were quite aware of their strategies use
which is a crucial point to assist them through
strategy training. More effective learners
matched sequences of strategies to task demands
successfully, activated their prior knowledge,
and regulated their comprehension purposefully,
deduced meanings from the context, focused
on larger chunks and utilized both top-down
and bottom-up approach known together as
interactive approach. However, less effective
learners were not skilled enough at selecting the
right strategy according to the task requirements,
limited with fewer strategy types and employed
bottom-up approach concentrating on a word-
for-word level.
In sum,’ strategies use varies in students’ social
and cultural background, levels of language
proficiency. A wide repertoire of strategies was
determined and sorted; however, a key issue
is to what extent cognitive and metacognitive
strategies use is effective to improve students’
language learning performance or whether they
should be taught explicitly to students to become
strategic learners.
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