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State national parks, conservation areas and reservations need volunteer assistance that can be
provided primarily by institutions and students will obtain the required ecological experience in preservation
of natural wealth of the home country. During volunteer activities students enhance their abilities by
fostering an attitude of care towards nature, as removal of anthropogenic waste from the territories, which
are regarded as national wealth and pride of our country, also develop at a rising generation abilities to
maintain order, not to drop litter, to keep quiet and not to pollute environment.
At present another direction such as rural ecotourism has real prospects of success. The development
of which is constrained by rural territories and by agricultural production activities. In the frame of this type
of tourism in Kazakhstan guest houses got development, tourists living in guest houses can get acquainted
with the rural way of life, with everyday Kazakh culture and natural local attractions. Construction of hotels
and high class hostels far from major megalopolises is unprofitable and impractical, besides it is even
forbidden in accordance with the environmental standards, if an object is placed near or in the buffer zone of
reserve or conservation. That is why use of guest houses is the best optimal variant. These houses are a part
of the Development concept of ecological, sustainable tourism in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 2005
Information Resource Center of Ecological Tourism has been functioning in Almaty, which is responsible
for creation and development of guest houses. Creation of which, offer for local people to make additional
money.
Study of world’s best practices on this issue shows, that social and economic role of ecotourism is not
the same at regions with different functions [4]. On agricultural territories eco-tourism can be as additional
source of incomes for maintenance of production, landscape and traditional form of life of the local
population. On the territories, the main function which is to protect natural, cultural and historical heritage,
eco-tourism is one of the main source of income, functioning of which is economically rational. The role of
ecotourism at industrial areas is to protect little spoilt nature areas and to maintain physical and mental
balance of population.
In general, potential interest in eco-tourism at a world market forms 8,9 million of people (or 63 %
from the total potential). This tourist product takes the best position in global tourism market and must
become one of the key tourist products for development of Kazakhstan.
As can be seen from above the elective course "Tourism and Regional Potential of Kazakhstan" is
intended for development in future ecologists the competences of bioecological culture and ecological
thinking and also to hone skills and abilities of meeting all the environmental standards in order to preserve
natural and recreational potential our country.
LITERATURA
1. Planirovanie na predpriatii u turizma: Uchebnik / Pod red. prof. Е.I. Bogdanova. – SP.: Bizness-pressa, 2005.
– 450s.
2. Nikitinskii Е.S., Vukolov V.N. Formirovanie industrii turizma v Kazakhstane za gody gosudarstvennoi
nezavisimosti// Agentstvo Respubliki Kazkahstan po turizmu i sportu, Kazakhskaia academia sporta i turizma. Materiali
mezhdunarodnoi nauchno -prakticheskoi konferencii. - Astana, 2006.–250 s.
3. Vukolov V.N., Nazarchuk М.К. Osnovi turistsko-kraevedcheskoi raboti.- Almaty, 1997.
4. Gosudarstvennaia programma razvitia turizma v Respublike Kazakhstan na 2010 – 2014 g.g.
REFERENCES
1. Tour agency travel plan: Textbook / Ed. prof. E. I Bogdanova-St.P.: Business Press, 2005. – 450 pp.
2. E.S. Nikitinsky, V.N. Vukolov. Formation of tourism industry in Kazakhstan during the state independence
years/ / Agency for Tourism and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakh Academy of Sport and Tourism.
Proceedings of International scientific and practical conference. - Astana, 2006. -250 pp.
3. V.N. Vukolov, M.K. Nazarchuk. Basics of tourist and regional work. - Almaty, 1997 .
4. 2010 – 2014 State program on tourism development in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Еділбаев Б., Шоқанова А., Майк Кол
Болашақ экологтарды биоэкологиялық мәдениетінің тәрбиелеуі негізінде Қазақстанның табиғи
рекреациялық әлеуеті
Түйіндеме. Бұл мақалада «Қазақстанның туристік-өлкетану әлеуеті» курсының шеңберінде еліміздің
табиғи рекреациялық әлеуеті туралы білім беру негізінде болашақ экологтарды даярлау аспектілері
қарастырылады.Табиғи жағдайларды қолдану мен қатар экономиканың әр түрлі саласының байлығын қолдану
мүмкіндіктері көрсетілген, соның ішінде экологиялық туризм мен туризм салаларының даму мүмкіндіктері.
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Түйін сөздер: туристтік-рекреациялық потенциалы, экологиялық туризм, биоэкологиялық мәдениет
және экологиялық ойлау.
Едилбаев Б., Шоқанова А., Майк Кол
Природно-рекреационный потенциал Казахстана как основа воспитания биоэкологической
культуры у будущих экологов
Резюме. Рассматриваются аспекты подготовки будущих экологов на основе знаний о природно-
рекреационном потенциале страны в рамках курса «Туристско- краеведческий потенциал Казахстана».
Показаны возможности использования природных условий и богатств в разных сферах экономики, в том числе
и возможности развития отрасли туризма и прежде всего, – экологического туризма.
Ключевые слова: туристско-рекреационный потенциал, экологический туризм, биоэкологическая
культура и экологическое мышление.
Yedilbayev B.T., Shokanova A., Mike Cole
Natural and recreational potential of Kazakhstan as an educational basis for instilling in future ecologists
a bioecological culture
Summary. This paper deals with
training aspects of a future ecologist based on knowledge of natural and
recreational potential of the country within “Tourist and Regional Potential of Kazakhstan" study course. It shows
using possibilities of environmental conditions and wealth at various fields of economy, including development
possibility of tourism industry and first of all of ecological tourism.
Key words: recreational and tourist potential, ecotourism, bioecological culture, ecological thinking,
ecologization.
УДК 669: 546.6.
G.Zh. Zhunussova, S.S. Yedenbayev, M.Zh. Bulenbayev, B.T. Altaibayev, А.Т. Khabiyev
(KazNTU named after K.I. Satpayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan)
BEHAVIOR OF PYRITE IN «FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–NaClO» AND «FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–KClO
3
» SYSTEMS
Abstract. This article presents the results of the calculation of the Pourbaix diagrams and the possibility of
formation of stable phases and phase transitions of iron in the aqueous phase systems «FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–NaClO» and
«FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–KClO
3
», which allowed us to estimate thermodynamic probability of occurrence of oxidative leaching of
pyrite. In the environment of sulfuric acid and the use of oxidants – oxychlorides of sodium and potassium, pyrite can
pass into solution, with no need for a second oxidant - oxygen. The most powerful oxidant is sodium hypochlorite.
Key words: Oxychlorides of sodium and potassium; Pyrite; Diagrams of Pourbaix; Sulfuric acid; The
thermodynamic analysis.
Gold in hard gold containing ores is in the interstitial and intergranular cavities in the form of pyrite
vein and other forms. It is necessary to apply methods of oxidative leaching of gold containing material for
the efficient extraction of gold forms.
The thermodynamic analysis of gold minerals in the presence of sulfuric acid and an oxidizing agent,
pyrolusite was performed before[1-3].
This paper includes a thermodynamic analysis of the oxidative leaching of gold containing mineral as
pyrite in sulfuric acid in the presence of strong oxidizing agents: sodium hypochlorite and potassium
perchlorate.
Pourbaix diagrams were constructed for determination of the phase transitions and the stability regions
of stable phases in the « FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–NaClO» and «FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–KClO
3
» systems simulating the oxidative
leaching of pyrite in sulfuric acid and an oxidizing agent - sodium hypochlorite and potassium perchlorate
Pourbaiz diagrams for the «FeS
2
– H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– NaClO» systems at 298, 353, 373 и 403 K
temperatures were constructed by «Otokumpu Ou» licensed program. (figures 1-4.)
FeS
2
пbehavior at 298 K (figure1). The system « FeS
2
– H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– NaClO» at 298 K in the range
of pH 0-14 stability range is endorsed in the following forms of iron anion[HFe
2
O] -, the cation [FeCl
2
]
+
,
FeO * OH. At pH from 0 to 14 there is a renewal of Fe
3+
to Fe
2+
with the redox-potential change from -2.0
to -0.05 V at pH = 0, and from -2.0 to 0.4 V at pH = 14. At pH=5-14 there is a renewal of Fe
3+
до Fe
2+
with
FeO*OH formation, which is stable at pH=5 with its ageing effect from 0 to +2,0 V and at pH = 14, from -
0.4 to +2.0 B. At pH 5-14 is a restoration of Fe3 to Fe2 to form FeO*OH, which is stable at pH=5 with a
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change in its potential from 0 to +2.0 V and at pH = 14 from -0.4 to +2.0 V. The stable cathion phase
[FeCl
2
]
+
, at the range рН = 0–5 in acidic media and and at pH = 0, there is a change of its redox- potential
from -0.05 to 1,45 V and at pH = 5, the ageing effect from -0,05 to 1.2 V. Hereafter there is the stable range
of FeO*OH in case of its ageing effect from +1.4 to +2.0 V and from -0.4 to -+-2,0 V at pH = 0 and pH = 14
congruent.
FeS
2
behavior at 353 K (figure2). There is Fe
2
О
3
new phase formation instead of FeО·ОН at 353 K,
the stable range of a new phase is observed at pH from 0 to 14 with the change of redox-potential in the same
range as the FeО*ОН at 298 К.The cathion [FeCl
2
]
+
phase stable range shifts to acidic media area till pH= 0-
4, the ageing effect is not observed. The iron oxidation in acidic media from Fe
2+
to Fe
3+
when the redox-
potential change at pH=0 from -0.05 to +1.45 V and at pH=4 from 1.2 to 2.0 V.
FeS
2
behavior at 373 and 403 K (figure3 and 4). In case of further increasing temperature till 373
and 403 K the Fe
2
О
3
stable range in the alkaline media expands with redox-potential change at pH = 14
from -0.75 to +2.0 V. The cathion [FeCl
2
]
+
stable range is reduced to the acidic media area to pH which is
equal 3.8, and the ageing effect in the case is not significant. Abovementioned iron compounds stable ranges
shift and redox-potential changes of dissolution in alkaline media is because of the presence of oxidants:
NaClO, О
2
pyroxidernide which is formed as the result of strong solvent phase transitions.
NaClO Oxidizing agent behavior at 298 K. In Purbaix diagram at this temperature (Figure1) sodium
hydride existence domain is observed in the range of pH=0-14 with the redox-potential change of sodium
from -2.0 to -1.25 and -1.6 V respectively at pH equal 0 and 14. Dissociated sodium ion is formed by the
dissociation of sodium hypochlorite in water at pH=0-14 and redox-potentials of sodium from -1.2 to +1.75
V at pH = 0, and from -1.6 to +0.7 V at pH = 14. Sodium ion interacts with the sulfate ion in water, forming
[NaSO
4
]
-
and Na
2
SO
4
ּ◌10H
2
O. Resistance [NaSO
4
]
-
found in the diagram in the range of pH=7-14 with the
change of potential from +0.0 to +0.25V at pH=7 and from -0.5 to +0.4 V at pH = 14 . Resistance
Na
2
SO
4
ּ◌10H
2
O found in the diagram at pH = 6,5-14 with the ageing effect from +0.05 to +0.25 V at pH=6.5
and from +0.4 to +0.43 V at pH = 14.
Figure 1.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–О
2
–NaClO» system at 298 К
Figure 2.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–О
2
–NaClO» system at 353 К
The stability region is formed by the dissociation of the hypochlorite ion to chloride ion and atomic
oxygen with the change of potential from -2.0 to +1.4 V at pH = 0 and from -2.0 to +0.6 V at pH =14.
[ClO
4
]
-
is formed by the coordination of four oxygen atoms around the chloride ion with the change of
potential from +1.2 to +2.0 V at pH = 0, and from +0.6 to +2.0 V at pH = 14.
NaClO Oxidizing agent behavior at increasing temperature from 298 to 403 K (figures 1-4). As the
increasing temperature from 298 K to 353 K there is no formation of sodium sulfate, and the existence
domain of the anion [NaSO
4
]
-
decreases to=pH 10,6-13,7 when the redox-potential is from E = -0.75 to -0.4
V at pH = 13.7. At this temperature Pourbaix diagram sodium ion forms NaOH at pH = 12,8-14 ageing effect
from -1.7 V to +0.5 V at pH = 12.8 and from -1.8 V to 0 5 V at pH = 14. At further increasing temperature to
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373, 403 K there is an increase of NaOH in acidic media to pH = 12.5 with a change of redox-potentials from
-1.7 to +0.6 V at 373 K and pH = 12 with the change of potentials -1.7 V to 0.5 V at 403 K.
Figure 3.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–О
2
–NaClO» system at 373 К
Figure 4.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«FeS
2
–H
2
SO
4
–О
2
–NaClO» system at 403 К
At the increasing temperatures from 298 to 403 to the stability region of chloride ion [Сl]
-
and chlorate
ion [ClO
4
]
-
remain in the range of pH=0-14 with a change of redox potential [Сl]
-
from -2,0 V to + 1,4 V at
pH = 0 and 298 K, and at 403 K from -2,0 V to +1,35. At pH = 14 and 298 K, the ageing effect from -2,0 V
to +0,6 V, and at pH = 14 and 403 K from -2,0 to +0,25 V.
The behavior of the sulfate ion at increasing temperature from 298 to 403K is demonstrated in figures 5-8.
The behavior of the sulfate ion at 298 K. In the diagram (figure 5) is the formation of stable phases of
sulfur compounds in the aqueous phase with ageing effect from +0,0 to +1,35 V at pH = 0 and from -0,75 to
+0,4 V at pH = 14. In this area, stable phases are the following compounds Н
2
S
4
O
3
, H
2
S
2
O
7
и H
2
S
2
O
8
. These
compounds are powerful oxidants and shear equilibrium will allocate atomic oxygen, which is an additional
oxidant.
The behavior of the sulfate ion at 298-403 K. In the diagram (figures 5-8) are demonstrated the
changes of formation of stable phases of sulfur compounds in the aqueous phase at the increasing
temperatures from 298 to 403 K. The Pourbaix diagrams demonstrate the fact of increase of hard of pyroxide
acid which is a strong oxidizing agent with increasing temperature in the aqueous media. In this pH range is
not changed and remains from 0 to 14, and a change in the redox- potential at pH = 0 and 298 K from +0,5 to
+2,0 V at pH = 0 and 403 K from +0,25 to +2,0 V. In the pH = 14 area with the ageing effect -0,53 to +2,0 V
at 298 K and from -0,95 to +2,0 at 403 K.
Pourbaix diagrams for the «FeS
2
– H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– KClO
3
» system at 298, 353, 373 и 403 К
temperatures were also constructed according to the licensed program of «Outokumpu Ou» company. (figure
9-12.)
FeS
2
behavior at 298 K (figure 9). The hard phases in water of this system are K
2
O·Fe
2
O
3
и [FeCl
2
]
+
.
The aqueous phase decomposes an oxidizer - potassium perchlorate to KOH and HClO, the interaction of
which with the [HFe
2
O]
-
anion form complex compound as K
2
O·Fe
2
O
3
. The hard area of the compound is in
a wide range of pH=0-14. Cathion [FeCl
2
]
+
is formed by the interaction of the complex compound with
potassium perchlorate in aqueous media at pH = 0-5.
FeS
2
behavior by the increasing temperature from 298 to 403 K (figures 9-12). In aqueous phase of
Pourbaix diagrams K
2
O·Fe
2
O
3
и [FeCl
2
]
+
are also hard phases. [FeCl
2
]
+
Phase hard area shifts to acidic
media area.
KClO
3
oxidation behavior at 298 K (figure 9). In aqueous phase of Pourbaix diagrams К
+
, КОН,
K
2
SO
4
, K
2
SO
4
, KClO
4
, KO
3
are hard phases. К
+
spiking is due to the dissociation of potassium hydride at pH
= 0-9,5 change the redox- potential from E = -1,3 V to E = +1,4 V at pH = 0, and from E = -1, 55 V to E =
+0,8 V at pH = 9,5. KOH phase is formed by reaction of potassium hydride with water and it is hard at pH =
9,5-14. K
2
SO
4
phase is formed by the interaction of potassium cathion and sulfate anion and is hard at pH =
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Технические науки
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258
6-9,5 range, the second hard area of potassium sulfate is the range of pH 9,5-10,2 and the reaction of
neutralization occurs in this range.
Figure 5.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«H
2
SO
4
–О
2
–NaClO» system at 298 К
Figure 6.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«H
2
SO
4
–О
2
–NaClO» system at 353 К
Figure 7.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«H
2
SO
4
–О
2
–NaClO» system at 373 К
Figure 8.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«H
2
SO
4
–О
2
–NaClO» system at 403 К
Figure 9.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«FeS
2
– H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– KClO
3
» system at 298 K
Figure 10.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«FeS
2
– H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– KClO
3
» system at 353 K
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Figure 11.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«FeS
2
– H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– KClO
3
» system at 373 K
Figure 12.
The Pourbaix diagram for the
«FeS
2
– H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– KClO
3
» system at 403 K
KClO
4
phase is formed in two areas of pH= 0-9,5 and pH=9,5-11,2. In the first of the phase there is a
phase transition from chlorate and potassium cathion-anion, in the second phase in the result of dissociation
phases of KOH and interaction of cathion with potassium chlorate anion. KO
3
phase is hard in two areas
pH=0-11,2 pH and pH = 11,2-14. In the first area there is a dissociation of potassium chlorate with KO
3
forming, and the second area - Dissociation of KOH with forming of KO
3
.
KClO
3
Oxidation behavior with increasing temperature from 298 to 403K (figures 9-12). It’s obvious
from Pourbaix diagrams that there is К
+
и KClO
4
existence areas shift to acidic media area, KClO
4
phase at
403 K is absent and K
2
SO
4
phase is present only at 298 K.
The behavior of chloride ions and sulfate anions in the system is similarly to above discussed ones .
The Pourbaix diagrams calculated results showed that in «FeS
2
– H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– NaClO» and «FeS
2
–
H
2
SO
4
– О
2
– KClO
3
» systems in the aqueous phase occurs complete oxidation of pyrite at process
increasing temperature higher 298 K in the presence of sodium hypochlorite or under the influence of
potassium perchlorate, oxygen formed during pyroxide acid phase transformations.
The materials in this article are the result of research according to the grant #1826/GF within budget
program 055 "The scientific and/or technical activities," sub 101 "grant funding for researches" for 2012-
2014(Republic of Kazakhstan).
REFERENCES
1. Zhunussova G.Zh., Akkazina N.T., Bayisbekov Sh. The observation of pyrite behavior at oxidation leaching
of resistant ore in sulfuric acid solution in the presence of pyrolusite// Bulletin of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University.
– 2010. – №12.
2. Latimer V.M. Oxidation states of the elements and their potentials in aqueous solution. M.: IL, 1964.
3. Bayisbekov Sh.B., Zhunussova G.Zh., Akkazina N.T. The thermodynamic analysis of pyrite oxidation
reaction//Bulletin of the Semipalatinsk State University named after Shakarim. – Semipalatinsk, 2007. – №1. – 143–150 p.
REFERENCES
1. Zhunussova G.Zh., Akkazina N.T., Bayisbekov Sh. Izuchenie povedeniya pirita pro okislitelnom
vyschelachivanii upornyh rud v rastvore sernoi kisloty v prisutstvii pirolyuzita.//Vestnik Kyrgyzsko-Rossiiskogo
Slavyanskogo Universiteta.-2010.-№12.
2. Latimer V.M. Okislitelnye sostoyaniya elementov i ih potentsialy v vodnyh rastvorah. M.: IL, 1964.
3.Bayisbekov Sh.B., Zhunussova G.Zh., Akkazina N.T. Termodinamicheskii analiz reaktsii okisleniya pirita //
Vestnik SGU imeni Shakarima. – Semipalatimsk, 2007. – №1. – 143–150 p.
Жүнісова Г.Ж., Еденбаев С.С., Бөленбаев М.Ж., Алтайбаев Б.Т., Хабиев А.Т.
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