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3. V. hemiazygos – drains blood in the left posterior parts of
4th – 5th inferior intercostal spaces. It flows into azygos vein.
4. V. hemiazygos accessoria – drains blood from the 6th –
7th upper
intercostal spaces at the left, and also from the
esophagus and cellular tissue of posterior mediastinum. It
flows into azygos vein.
Lymph nodes in the intercostal spaces pass along the
intercostal neurovascular bundle. From anterior parts of
intercostal spaces lymph outflows into the parasternal lymph
nodes which are located along
internal thoracic vessels; then
into the right and left subclavian trunks. From posterior
intercostal spaces lymph outflows through intercostal nodes
into prevertebral nodes, and then into Van Hoorne's canal
(thoracic duct).
Intercostal nerves
pass behind subcostal groove, that's why
thoracocentesis is made along the superior border of the rib.
Each of 12 pairs of cerebrospinal nerves has:
1. R. meningeus is sensitive and goes to the maters of spinal
cord.
2. R. communicans albus contains antenodal sympathetic
fibres which go to the nodes of sympathetic trunk.
3. R. dorsalis is mixed and divides into middle and lateral
branches which provide innervation of skin and back muscles.
4. R. ventralis of thoracic nerve are called nn. intercostales.
Each intercostal nerve having reached costal angle penetrates
into the groove between external
and internal intercostal
muscles.
Six superior intercostal nerves go to the sternum and give
branches called rr. cutanei anteriores which innervate skin of
anterior thoracic wall. Five inferior intercostal nerves and
infracostal nerve go to
the anterior wall of abdomen, follow
the arteries and lie in the groove between abdominal internal
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oblique muscle and transverse muscle of abdomen. They
penetrate into the sheath of rectus abdominis muscle,
innervate this muscle, skin of anterior abdominal wall, parietal
pleura and peritoneum.
Along the entire length from intervertebral foramen to the
costal angle the nerve is covered only with endothoracic
fascia, subpleural tissue and pleura. It causes pain radiation in
pleuritis to the abdomen and muscles of anterior abdominal
wall.
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