Учебное пособие для специальностей «Переводческое дело» и«Иностранный язык: два иностранных языка»
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| §2. History of Black English
The beginning of Black English is simple to date: the first blacks arrived in Virginia in 1619. There are, however, different theories as to the factors that led to the systematic differences between Black English and other American English dialects. One view suggests that Black English originated when the black slaves learned English from their white masters as a second language. Although the basic grammar was learned, many surface differences persisted, which were reflected in the grammars constructed by the children of the slaves, who heard English primarily from their parents. Had the children been exposed to the English spoken by the whites, their grammars would have been more similar if not identical to the general Southern dialect. The dialect differences persisted and grew because blacks in America were isolated by social and racial barriers. The proponents of this theory point to the fact that the grammars of Black English and Standard American English are basically identical except for a few syntactic and phonological rules, which produce surface differences. Another view is that many of the unique features of Black English are traceable to influences of the African languages spoken by the slaves, During the 17 th and 18 th centuries, Africans who spoke different languages were purposefully grouped together to discourage communication and to prevent slave revolts. In order to communicate, the slaves were forced to use the one common language all had access to, namely, English. They invented a simplified form – called a pidgin – which incorporated many features from West African languages. According to this view, the differences between Black English and other dialects are due more to basic syntactic differences than to surface distinctions. It is apparent that Black English is closer to the Southern dialect of American English than to other dialects. The theory that suggests that the black slaves learned the English of the white Southerners as a second language explains these similarities. They might also be explained by the fact that for many decades a large number of Southern white children were raised by black women and played with black children. 148 It is not unlikely that many of the distinguishing features of Southern dialects were acquired from Black English in this way. The two-way interchange still goes on. Standard American English is constantly enriched by words, phrases, and usage originating in Black English; and Black English, whatever its origins, is influenced by the changes that go on in many other dialects of English. жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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