jure of a provisional government. Political agents sent to de facto recognized foreign governments are
simply provided with credentials addressed from Minister for Foreign Affairs to Minister for Foreign
Affairs. In certain states, however - the United States and Japan, for instance, - the presentation of
credentials addressed by head of state to head of state does not carry with it recognition de jure of the
local government. The delivery of credentials can, at that time, be accompanied by formal reserves
which specify the character of the relations between both states.
Charges d’affaires with letters (Vienna Convention, art. 14c) receive lettres de cabinet or cabinet
letters addressed by Minister for Foreign Affairs to Minister for Foreign Affairs. These letters are
delivered directly to the Minister for Foreign Affairs on arrival of the chargcd’affaireswho, from that
moment, is considered as having officially assumed his functions.
Before the arrival of a head of mission the charge d’affaires makes known to the Minister for Foreign
Affairs the date and hour of arrival of the incumbent and ascertains when the Minister will receive the
new head of mission on his first visit. The charge d’affaires should also call on the Dean of the
diplomatic corps and announce the arrival of the new head of mission.
The arrival of a head of mission in the capital where he is to exercise his functions does not call for
any official ceremony. The new agent must be considered incognito until he presents his credentials to
the head of state. It is customary, however, for thelocal authorities to show him and those
accompanying him certain attentions, such as customs and frontier police facilities and reception at his
place of arrival by an official of the protocol service, etc. Local customs determine these various
attentions.
Delivery of the credentials of the new head of mission should be preceded by the sending of the
letters of recall of the agent whose mission has been brought to an end. These letters are presented by
the head of mission on the occasion of his audience to take leave. They can also be brought by the new
diplomatic representative.This is always the case in the United Kingdom.
As soon as the new head of mission has arrived he is informed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the day and hour when the Foreign Minister will receive him for the delivery of the copied'usage of the
credentials, which will be in his possession, and perhaps of the letters of recall of his predecessor. The
custom of each Ministry of Foreign Affairs is to indicate the form in which the new head of mission
should make his visit and, should the occasion arise, other visits. He has recourse to the protocol service
for all information which he may need for his purpose.
It is the general custom for the new arrival, immediately after his private reception by the Foreign
Minister, to call, unofficially, on the Dean of the diplomatic corps in order to ascertain local protocol
requirements.
The Minister for Foreign Affairs is not required to return the visit of the new head of mission; this
also applies to the Dean of the diplomatic corps.
37
When a copy of the credentials of the new head of mission has been examined and found correct in
substance as well as in form, the protocol service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will, in accordance
with local custom, arrange an audience for the new head of mission with the head of state, for delivery
of the credentials.
The reception by the head of state of an ambassador or a minister plenipotentiary constitutes official
recognition of this representative. The protocol service handles the ceremonial, i. e., compositionand
order of the procession which may include an escort, military honours, exchange of addresses, etc. An
account of the ceremony is generally published in an official publication.
All heads of mission are received by the head of state, in the order of their arrival in the capital
(Vienna Convention, art. 13). The ceremonial dress should be the same for all heads of mission of equal
rank (art. 18). From this moment, the head of mission enjoys the diplomatic status with all its
accompanying immunities and prerogatives. He takes rank on the diplomatic list as from the day and
hour he presented his credentials (art. 16). In some countries,however,diplomatic status and seniority
both date from the delivery of the copied’usage as, for instance, in Great Britain.
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