203
About equal numbers of each of these item format types are being used to construct the
survey instruments.
146. The PISA mathematics survey is composed of assessment
units comprising written stimulus
material and other information such as tables, charts, graphs or diagrams, plus one or more items
that are linked to this common stimulus material. This format gives
students the opportunity to
become involved with a context or problem by responding to a series of related items.
147. Items selected for inclusion in the PISA survey represent a broad range of difficulties, to
match the wide ability range of students participating in the assessment. In addition, all the major
categories of the assessment (the content categories; mathematical reasoning and problem
solving process categories and the different context categories and 21st century skills) are
represented, to the degree possible, with items of a wide range of difficulties. Item difficulties are
established as one of a number of measurement properties in an extensive field trial prior to item
selection for the main PISA survey. Items are selected for inclusion in
the PISA survey instruments
based on their fit with framework categories and their measurement properties.
148. In addition, the level of reading required to successfully engage with
an item is considered
very carefully in item development and selection. A goal in item development is to make the
wording of items as simple and direct as possible. Care is also taken to avoid item contexts that
would
create a cultural bias, and all choices are checked with national teams. Translation of the
items into many languages is conducted very carefully, with extensive
back-translation and other
protocols.
149. PISA 2021 will include a tool that will allow students to provide typed constructed-response
answers and show their work as required for mathematical literacy. The tool allows students to
enter both text and numbers. By clicking the appropriate button, students can enter a fraction,
square root, or exponent. Additional symbols such as
π and greater/less than signs are available,
as are operators such as multiplication and division signs. An example is shown in Figure 3 below.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: