Заключение
Успешное решение проблемы укрепления устойчивости лесов возможно при
правильном ведении лесного хозяйства, сущность которого сформировал классик
лесоводства Г.Ф.Морозов . Это стремление к осуществлению лесоводственных задач на
основе максимальной экономии сил, времени и средств, при непрерывном соблюдении
естественных законов.
Лесные насаждения, прошедшие естественный отбор приобретают повышенную
сопротивляемость внешним воздействиям, долговечны и способны к самовозобновлению.
Популяции в их естественном развитии обычно отличаются сбалансированностью состава
генотипов, обеспечивающей их высокую устойчивость.
Для сохранения устойчивости насаждений необходимо проводить следующие
мероприятия:
а) сохранять на каждом этапе жизни древостоя присущую им структуру,
сомкнутость, а также целостность лесообразующей среды – подлеска, подроста, лесной
подстилки, почвы;
б) поддерживать действие закона конкуренции и естественного отбора;
в) соблюдать лесотипологическое соответствие.
Литература
1.
Гуриков Д.Е., Ель - краса Тянь-Шаня. Алма-Ата, Кайнар 1983 – с. 44-47, 55, 92-
101.
2.
Морозов.Г.Ф., Учение о лесе. изд. 4-ое 1930.- с .74-78.
198
3.
Межибовский А.М. Исследование оптимальной, структуры еловыхнасаждений
южной подзоны Тайги. //Оптимизация использования и воспроизводства лесов СССР.
1977 .-
с. 129-144.
4.
Плотников В.В. Возможный способ оценки влияния пространственного
размещения деревьев на их рост и развитие в лесных сообществах. // Динамика и строение
лесов на Урале. Тр.ин-та экологии растений и животных. Вып.77.- Свердловск, 1970 –с.
57-63.
Е.Ж. Сембиев, М.В. Шабалина
СОЛТҮСТІК ТЯНЬ-ШАННЫҢ ТАУЛЫ ОРМАНҒА ЖАНАМА ФАКТОРЛАРЫ
Мақалада орман алқаптары аймақтарға жанама факторлардың билігі қаралады.
Негізгі іс шара, бұл орман типологиясына қатысушыларды бақылау, бәсекеге қабілеттік
заңын көтеру. Негізгі мақсат - бұл Солтүстік Тянь-Шанның ормандау эко жүйесін келтіре
отырып сактау.
Кілт сөздер: өскін, орман төсеніші, зерттеу, Шренк Шыршасы, алқаағаш, өздігінен
өсіп –өну.
E.Z. Sembiyev, M.V. Shabalina
INFLUENCE OF ADDITIONAL FACTORS TO MOUNTAIN FORESTS
OF THE NORTHERN TINE SHAN
This article is about issues impact of indirect factors to form a forest environment. Main
activities to preserve the stability plantings are - compliance with relevant forest types,
maintaining the laws of competition and natural selection. The aim of this work was preservation
and reproduction of forest ecosystem of Northern Tien Shan.
Key words: young growth, litter, undergrowth, examination, Schrenk spruce plantings,
self-renewal.
UDC 633.111(574)
G. Suleymanova
1
, Y. Dutbayev
1
, A. Kuresbek
1
, N. Sultanova
2
, R. Zhapayev
3
,
А. Morgounov
4
1
Kazakh national agrarian university, Kazakhstan, Almaty, edutbaev@mail.ru
2
Kazakh scientific-research institute of Plan protection and Quarantine,
nadira.sultanova@mail.ru
3
CIMMYT, Kazakhstan, r.zhapayev@cgiar.org
4
CIMMYT, Turkey, a.morgounov@cgiar.org
BREEDING AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDYING OF HEXAPLOID SYNTHETIC WHEAT
IN SOUTHEASTERN KAZAKHSTAN
Annotation
In Southeastern Kazakhstan in 2014 were done breeding researches of hexaploid synthetic
lines (49 lines) of wheat from Japan and CIMMYT. Results showed that lines of Japanese
hexaploid synthetic wheat had good potential of resistance to diseases on natural inflectional
199
phone. By agronomic indexes 5 lines can be used as winter wheat in plant breeding in
southeastern Kazakhstan. Other 44 lines of synthetic wheat we plane try as spring wheat in
Northern regions of Kazakhstan.
Key words: breeding, evaluation, synthetic wheat, line, cultivar, diseases.
Introduction
World losses of wheat from harmfulness agents[1], in present days is a 34%, including
from diseases– 12%. Spreading and development of wheat diseases mostly of weather
conditions, plant growing technology and cultivars features.
FAO predicts that in 2050 world population will increase to 9 billion . [1] In order to
satisfy the needs of the world's population by 2030 is necessary to mutilate her potential yield by
30-40%. For this purpose it is necessary to increase the potential at the annual 1.6-1.8 %
including 1 % due to breeding and genetic methods. Achieving the latter goal can be in attracting
the genetic resources of wild relatives . Napralenii important in improving the capacity of this
culture laid in increasing resistance to abiotic (drought , zharostoykkost , salinity , soil kistotnost)
and biotic stresses (pests and diseases) . Therefore, actual is a constant yield improvements by
increasing its genetic potential [2].
Currently distant hybridization remains the most effective method of introduction of
foreign genetic variability in the wheat genome. Synthetic diploids , including the genomes of
different species of grasses , can greatly facilitate the transfer of the properties of the genetic
material of wild species to cultivated plants . They also opened up the possibility of
recombination between genomes isolated at the diploid level [2].
Recent studies show that the elimination or substitution of certain chromosomes in the
nuclear genome of wheat with foreign material is non-random nature and , although the
mechanism is not known, they occur in early generations of interspecific hybrids and diploids
during meiosis [14]. Therefore, success in addressing distant hybridization of incompatibility
genomes parent species, essentially depends on our knowledge of the specific features of meiosis
hybrids F1.
At present time, as a result of scientific research the following organizations : CIMMYT -
Mexico, ICARDA, Syria , Division vivo studies Astral, IPK- Germany, Japan, Kyoto University,
USDA-ARS was derived synthetic hexaploid wheat. This line were wheat by crossing tetraploid
and diploid Triticum turgidum wild grass Aegilops tauschi to improve the performance of wheat.
These hybrids are resistant to biotic and abiotic (drought, high temperature, salinity, lack of
moisture) and biotic stresses (rusts, septaria, viral diseases, rot shoots, yellow leaf spot, spotted
gelmintosporioznym, nematodes, powdery mildew, fusarium head blight) [ 2].
Synthetic hexaploid wheat has considerable potential yields in different soil and climate,
especially drought conditions worldwide. Research focuses on the identification of useful genes.
However, the transfer of useful genes into elite wheat is limited. This information may open the
way for important resources. Studies to obtain a synthetic wheat directed research aimed at AB
tetraploid genomes of T. turgidum ssp. Carthilicum, T. turgidum ssp.diccocum, T. turgidum ssp.
diccoicum and determining loci in germplasm A. Tauschi. Available molecular studies have
allowed researchers to conduct detailed analyzes of genome sequencing and develop an effective
strategy for improving the synthetic wheat. Thus, the synthetic wheat line heksaploid well
adapted worldwide. However, studies need to be broad study of phenotypes of wheat.
In the literature there are data on the stability of hybrid lines produced by direct crossing A.
tauschi and tetraploid wheat to the Hessian fly, dwarf smut, stem and leaf rust, septoraa and
helminthosporium leaf spots, cereal cyst nematode and root, fusarium head blight [2-13].
Directly transfer genes of these two species can produce homological regombinations and
could lead to production of genetically synthetic wheat8-9]. During hybridization of Triticum
monococcum and Aegilops spp. condacts increasing death of young hybrid plants F1 and their
200
sterility, decreases number of successful recombinations between diploid and polyploidy wheat.
All it named as a secondary genofund [`8].
Therefore, for wheat breeding must be done searching and selection of parents forms,
which have resistance to diseases. According the goal of world population by 2030 need to
increase potential productivity up to 30-40%. Realization the last goal is possible in the case of
utilization of genetic recourses of wild relatives of wheat. Priority direction of improvement of
this crop could be increasing of resistance to abiotic drought, high temperature, salinity, lack of
moisture ) and biotic stresses ( pests and diseases). That’s why the most actual way to improve
yield of wheat could be an improvement of it genetic potential. Synthetic amphidiploids, which
include genes of different cereals could make easier transfer important features of genetic
material from wild species to cultivars.
Matherial and Methods
Since 2014 we started breeding and immunological studying of hexaploid synthetic wheat of
Kioto university of Japan and CIMMYT (49 lines) on trials of Kazakh scientific research institute
of of farming and plant growing by standard methods of plant breeding, plant growing and plant
pathology. In autumn of 2013 was been received and sowed nursery of hexaploid synthetic wheat
13JAP-SYNT. Seed of each line were sowed on one 1 meter row.
During wheat vegetation were done phenological observation, immunological
evaluation of material to Leaf rust, Stripe rust, Stem rust and to Leaf spots. Were done
done evaluation of plant wintering, and mathematical analusis [2, 13].
Results
Hexaploid synthetic wheat has high potential of yield in different soil-climatic conditions,
especially, in dry areas all over the world. Direction of this researches are identification of useful
genes. But, transfer of useful genes to elite wheat is limited. This information could open way to
new resources. Future studies will be in direction of developing synthetic wheat of AB
tetraploid genomes of T. turgidum ssp. Carthilicum, T. turgidum ssp.diccocum, T. turgidum
ssp.diccoicum and determining of locuses in germoplasma of A. tauschi. This molecular
researches can conduct detail analysis of segueing of genome and to develop effective strategy
for improvement of synthetic wheat.
In present days, developed lines of hexaploid synthetic wheat quite well were adapted all
over the world. But in present days phenotipes of wheat need to be studied in conditions of
Southern, Nothern, Southeastern and Eastern Kazakhstan. In this case the studies in direction of
developing of resistant to diseases varieties very perspective.
Weather conditions in 2013-2014 agricultural year in Almaty oblast was like during many
years conditions and were middle favorable for diseases development. Winter period was snowy.
Amount of rainfall in December, January, February and in april was up to 15-50 in comparative
with normal. Winter crops had good snowfall, which was very useful. The weather condition of
March of 2014 was normal.
Discussion
During wheat heading were done crosses of 10 lines of
hexaploid wheat (№№ 4, 7, 10, 13,
15, 17, 22, 26) with 5 commercial cultivars of winter wheat (Zhetisu, Farabi, Azharly, Naz and
Steklovidnaya).
During milk ripening stage local cultivars Zhetisu, Farabi and Azharly were injured by
Stripe Rust up to 10-20%, by Leaf Rust – up to 5-10% and by Leaf spot blotches – up to 10-
20%. Lines of synthetic wheat were injured by Stripe Rust up to 1-10%, by Leaf Rust – up to 1-
5% and by Leaf spot blotches – up to 5-10%. Rust diseases were absent on 41 of 50 lines of
synthetic wheat Rust diseases were absent. Evaluated lines of synthetic wheat showed good
resistance to diseases. As the result of structural analysis we have selected 5 lines of synthetic
wheat (LANGDON/AE 454, LANGDON/IG 47259, LANGDON/KU-2078, LANGDON/KU-
2109, LANGDON/PI 499262), which had good productivity indexes – plant height, weight of
201
1000 grain, were more in comparative with standarts – up to 15,9 gramm, and productivity of
row – up to 83,9 gramm.
Conclusion
Results of investigations showed that lines of Japanese hexaploid synthetic wheat has good
potential of resistance to diseases on natural inflectional phone. By agronomic indexes 5 lines
can be used as winter wheat in plant breeding in southeastern Kazakhstan. Other 44 lines of
synthetic wheat we plane try as spring wheat in Northern regions of Kazakhstan.
202
Table 1 – Structural analysis of nursery of 14SYNT-JAPAN
(Kazakh scientific-research institute of Farming and Plant growing, Almalybak, 2014).
№
№
Line, variety
Number
of
plants
on
1
row
meter
Weight of plants before har
vesting,
gr.
Number
of
grain
in
1
spike
Height of 10 spikes,
sm
Weight of 10 spikes,
gr.
Number of ears
Number
of
grain
in
10
spikes
Weight of grain,
gramm
+ of weight of 1000
grain in comparative
with local check,
gram
+ of weight of grain
weight/row in
comparative with local
check, gram
From one ear
1000 kernels
From 1 weight/row
Zhetisu
Azharly
F
arabi
Zhetisu
Azharly
F
arabi
1
BEZOSTAYA
11
245,0
73
8,1
18,4
15,0
414
1,9
40,3
39,6
-10,5
+1,2
-2,7
-77,2
-22,1
-28,6
2
LANGDON/AE 454
11
251,0
79
8,5
23,7
17,0
386
2,5
42,2
99,8
-7,4
+3,2
-0,8
-17,0
+38,1
+31,6
30
LANGDON/IG 47259
12
320,0
111 12,0
18,0
17,0
363
1,8
34,7
133,0
-16,1
-4,9
-8,3
+16,
2
+71,3
+64,8
33
LANGDON/KU-2078
8
125,0
77
12,0
25,5
15,0
167
1,3
55,0
34,1
+4,2
+15,
9
+12,
0
-82,7
-27,6
-34,1
41
LANGDON/KU-2109
18
400,0
107
13
25,6
9,5
85
1,0
40,0
70,7
-10,8
+0,9
-3,0
-46,1
+71,0
+9,0
48
LANGDON/PI 499262
22
340,0
127
8,5
20,9
16,0
304
2,1
39,6
145,2
-11,2
+0,5
-3,4
+28,
4
+83,5
+83,5
Zhetisu
12
300,0
60
7,5
29,6
15,0
441
3,3
50,8
116,8
-
-
-
-
-
-
Azharly
11
200,0
53
9,5
19,8
18,0
353
1,4
39,1
61,7
-
-
-
-
-
-
Farabi
8
160,0
60
8
24,6
15,0
120
2,0
43,0
68,2
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
3
T
ab
le 2
–
P
he
nol
og
ic
al
o
bs
er
va
ti
on of
14S
Y
N
T
-J
A
P
A
N
an
d
ev
al
u
at
io
n
t
o
d
is
eas
es
(
K
az
ak
h
s
ci
en
ti
fi
c-
re
se
ar
ch
in
stitu
te
of
F
a
rm
ing
a
nd P
la
nt
g
ro
w
ing
, A
lm
al
y
ba
k, 2014
).
№№
Л
ин
ия, с
орт
5
spi
ke
w
ei
gh
t,
gr
1
spi
ke
w
ei
gh
t,
gr
Le
n
g
t
h
o
f
m
iddl
e l
eaf
,
cm
W
id
e
o
f
m
iddl
e l
eaf
,
cm
S
q
u
ar
e
o
f l
eaf
,
S
H
ei
gh
t o
f
pl
ant
s,
sm
A
ff
ect
in
g
b
y
d
is
e
as
es
, %
R
us
ts
L
e
af
s
pot
s
C
ol
or
ing
of
pl
ant
s
str
ip
e
leaf
st
em
1
B
E
Z
OS
T
AYA
13,0
2,06
15,8
1,31
72,35
67,0
0
0
0
0
nor
m
al
2
L
A
NGDON/
A
E
454
14,0
2,80
16,4
1,88
107,9
86,6
0
0
0
5
-10%
30
L
A
NGDON/
IG 4
7
2
5
9
10,4
2,08
15,5
1,26
68,30
92,0
0
0
0
5
-10%
nor
m
al
33
L
A
NGDON/
K
U
-2078
10,5
2,10
15,5
1,08
58,6
100,0
0
0
0
5
-10%
nor
m
al
41
L
A
NGDON/
K
U
-2109
10,6
2,12
15,8
0,89
49,20
97,3
5
-10%
0
0
1
-5%
red
48
L
A
NGDON/
P
I 4
9
9
2
6
2
10,6
2,12
17,6
1,15
70,80
86,0
0
0
0
1
-5%
red
Z
h
etis
u
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
-20
5
-10
0
10
-20
nor
m
al
A
z
h
ar
ly
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-15
5
-10
0
10
-20
nor
m
al
F
ar
ab
i
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-15
5
-10
0
10
-20
nor
m
al
204
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ОҢТҮСТІК-ШЫҒЫС ҚАЗАҚСТАН ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ГЕКСАПЛОЙДТЫ
СИНТЕТИКАЛЫҚ БИДАЙҒА СЕЛЛЕКЦИЯЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ИММУНОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЗЕРТТЕУ
Оңтүстік-шығыс Қазақстан жағдайында 2014 жылы Жапония мен СИММИТ
шығарған 49 желісі гексаплойдты синтетикалық бидайға селлекциялық зерттеулер
жүргізілді. Жүргізілген зерттеулер көрсеткендей, осы желілердегі табиғи инфекциялық
фонда бидай ауруларының жоғары төзімділігін көрсетті. Оңтүстік-шығыс аймағында
агрономиялық сипаттама бойынша күздік бидайдың 5 желісі селлекцияда қолдануға
болады. Солтүстік Қазақстан аймағында жаздық бидайдың қалған 44 желі түрлерін
жүргіземіз.
205
Сулейманова Г., Дутбаев Е., Куресбек А., Султанова Н., Жапаев Р., Моргунов А.
СЕЛЕКЦИОННОЕ И ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ГЕКСАПЛОЙДНОЙ
СИНТЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОМ КАЗАХСТАНЕ
В Юго-восточном Казахстане в 2014 году проводилось селекционное изучение
гексаплойдной синтетической пшеницы (49 линий) селекции Киотского университета
Японии и СИММИТ. Результаты исследований показали, что эти линий имеют высокий
потенциал устойчивости к болезням на естественном инфекционном фоне. По
агрономическим характеристике 5 линий могут быть использованы в селекции озимой
пшеницы на юго-востоке Казахстана. Другие 44 линий мы планируем испытать как
яровые формы в Северном регионе Казахстана.
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