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Text processing
49. The 2018 typology of reading process specifically identifies the process of reading fluently as
distinct from other processes associated with text comprehension.
Read Fluently
50. Reading fluency can be defined as an individual’s ability to read
words and connected text
accurately and automatically and to phrase and process these words and texts in order to
comprehend the overall meaning of the text (e.g. Kuhn & Stahl, 2003). In other words, fluency is
the ease and efficiency of reading simple texts for understanding. There is considerable empirical
evidence demonstrating a link between reading ease/efficiency/fluency to reading comprehension
(Chard, Pikulski, & McDonagh, 2006; Jenkins et al., 2003 b; Kuhn; Wagner et al; Wayman et al.,
2007; Woodcock, Mather, & McGrew, 2001). The chief psychological mechanism proposed to
explain this relationship is that the ease and efficiency of reading text is indicator of expertise in
foundational reading
skills of decoding, word recognition and syntactic parsing of texts.
51. Fluent reading frees up attention and memory resources, which can be allocated to higher-level
comprehension processes. Conversely, weaknesses in reading fluency divert resources from
comprehension towards lower level processes necessary to process the printed text, resulting in
weaker performance in reading comprehension (e.g. Cain & Oakhill, 2007; Perfetti, Marron, &
Foltz, 1996). Acknowledging this strong link between fluency and comprehension, the National
Reading Panel (2000) in the United States recommended fostering fluency in
reading to enhance
students’ comprehension skills.
Locate information
52. Competent readers can read a text entirely and carefully in order to comprehend the main
ideas and reflect on the text as a whole. However, on a daily basis readers most often use texts for
specific purposes that require the location of specific information, with little or no consideration for
the rest of the text (White et al., 2010). Furthermore, locating information is becoming a mandatory
aspect of reading when people interact with complex digital information systems such
as search
engines and websites (Brand-Gruwel, Wopereis, Vermetten, 2005; Leu et al., 2013). The 2018
framework defines two processes whereby readers perform the selection of information within and
across texts:
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