Summary
GENETIC FACTORS OF MALE INFERTILITY
G.D. ABISHEVA, O.A. POPOVA, A.B. SHEVTZOV,
National Center for Biotechnology, Valikhanov str. 13/1, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
gulzadaabish@gmail.com
Infertility is a medical and social-demographic issue of the day in many countries.
Despite the progress of the medical science there are about 50 million childless couples.
Herewith, causes of infertility are not fully understood as there are about 50% of cases that
are classified as idiopathic, i.e. the cases where the infertility cause is not identified. Many
researchers tend to the idea that idiopathic cases have genetic character.
The article contains modern view on association of genetic factors with male
infertility. There is a literature review of genetic factors based on chromosomal and genetic
changes.
Key words: AZF, azoospermia, male infertility, oligozoospermia, Y chromosome
deletions, chromosome abnormalities, spermatogenesis.
№№1-4(69-72), қаңтар-сәуір, январь-апрель, January-April, 2015 ISSN 2307-0188
Ġylym ža̋ne bìlìm ġasyry – Vek nauki i obrazovaniâ – Science and education century
___________________________________________________________________
16
БІЛІМ: ПЕДАГОГИКА ҒЫЛЫМДАРЫ –
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ: ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУК
FEDOROV Alexander,
Prof. Dr., Taganrog, Russia
RUSSIAN TEACHERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE PROBLEM OF SCREEN
VIOLENCE
The author would like to thank Dr. Irina Chelysheva, member of the Russian
Association for Film and Media Education for her help in the organization of teachers’
survey.
The problem of the screen violence has attracted more and more attention during the
recent years [for example: Silverblatt, 2001]. While many of my previous researches and
articles were dedicated to the effects of violence scenes on the screen on the young
audiences, this time my objective was to learn the teachers’ attitude to this problem. 57
secondary school teachers took part in the survey. The gender and age differentiation is
shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The number of the teachers questioned, their age and gender
Age groups:
Number of
teachers
Number of
teachers (%)
Number of
women
teachers:
Number of
men teachers:
21-30
10
17,54
7
3
31-40
12
21,05
8
4
41-50
11
19,30
7
4
51-60
12
21,05
7
5
61-70
12
21,05
10
2
Total:
57
100,00
39
18
Table 2 gives us a general idea of the teachers’ attitude towards violence in media.
Table 2. The teachers’ attitude towards screen violence
Teachers’
age/gender
Number of teachers
(in %) who find
themselves drawn to
the scenes of violence
on the screen
Number of
teachers (in %)
who are repelled
by the scenes of
violence
Number of
teachers (in %)
whose opinion is
ambiguous
21-30 /total
10,00
50,00
40,00
21-30 /male
0,00
33,33
66,67
21-30 /female
14,28
57,14
28,57
31-40/total
25,00
58,33
16,67
21-30/male
25,00
50,00
25,00
21-30/female
25,00
62,50
12,50
41-50/total
0,00
81,82
18,18
41-50/male
0,00
75,00
25,00
№№1-4(69-72), қаңтар-сәуір, январь-апрель, January-April, 2015 ISSN 2307-0188
Ġylym ža̋ne bìlìm ġasyry – Vek nauki i obrazovaniâ – Science and education century
___________________________________________________________________
17
41-50/female
0,00
85,71
14,28
51-60/total
8,33
75,00
16,67
51-60/male
20,00
60,00
20,00
51-60/female
0,00
85,71
14,28
61-70/total
8,33
83,33
8,33
61-70/male
0,00
100,00
0,00
61-70/female
10,00
80,00
10,00
All age
groups/Total
10,17
70,17
19,30
All age groups/male
11,11
61,11
27,78
All age
groups/female
10,26
74,36
15,38
If we take a look at the total numbers, according to them, the number of teachers who
are fascinated by the scenes of violence on the screen, is slightly over 10 per cent, while
the number of those who are repelled by the screen violence is seven times more - 74%.
However, the analysis of the age groups of the teachers reveals that there are twice as
many teachers who accept violence on the screen in the age group of 31-40 (25%), and
accordingly, less people who are against it (58%). In the age group of 21-30 the voices are
divided evenly- 50% to 50%.
The gender analysis of the Table 2 data shows that on the whole, women teachers are
less inclined to watch violent scenes, although in some age groups (e.g. from 21 to 30
years old) the number goes up to 14%. So, the “pros” of the screen violence are more
often to be found under the age of 40, and their number is slightly more among men
(although to my mind, the difference in 1% cannot be considered as a significant).
Compare to the similar study among teenagers: there were 17% of the violent
programs fans, 49% of the adversaries of it. Thus, although the teachers in general turned
out to be more “peaceful” compared to their pupils, the gap between their preferences is
not that big, as it seems and is proclaimed by some teachers. It is in fact just 7% (17% for
students and 10% for teachers). However there are much more people who resent screen
violence among teachers (by 25% more than among students), which sounds rather
optimistic.
Table 3. Factors attracting teachers to screen violence
Age/gender
E
Entert
ainme
nt
Identi
ficati
on
Infor
matio
n
Compens
atory
Recre
ation
Dynam
ics/spee
d of
action
Professio
nal
directing
Outstan
ding
acting
Outstan
ding
special
effects
Number of teachers (%) who have chosen this answer
21-30 /total
30,00
60,00
20,00
0,00
20,00
20,00
20,00
0,00
0,00
21-30/male
0,00
66,67
0,00
0,00
0,00
33,33
33,33
0,00
0,00
21-30/female
42,86
57,14
28,57
0,00
28,57
14,28
14,28
0,00
0,00
31-40/total
1,67
16,67
16,67
33,33
25,00
33,33
25,00
25,00
25,00
21-30/male
5,00
25,00
25,00
25,00
25,00
50,00
25,00
25,00
25,00
21-30/female
5,00
12,50
12,50
37,50
25,00
25,00
25,00
25,00
25,00
41-50/total
3,64
36,36
27,27
27,27
27,27
54,55
27,27
27,27
9,10
41-50/male
0,00
25,00
25,00
25,00
50,00
75,00
25,00
25,00
0,00
41-50/female
1,43
42,86
28,57
28,57
14,28
42,86
28,57
28,57
14,28
№№1-4(69-72), қаңтар-сәуір, январь-апрель, January-April, 2015 ISSN 2307-0188
Ġylym ža̋ne bìlìm ġasyry – Vek nauki i obrazovaniâ – Science and education century
___________________________________________________________________
18
51-60/total
3,33
25,00
25,00
16,67
25,00
33,33
41,67
41,67
16,67
51-60/male
0,00
20,00
40,00
20,00
20,00
60,00
40,00
40,00
20,00
51-60/female
2,86
28,57
14,28
14,28
28,57
14,28
42,86
42,86
14,28
61-70/total
3,33
33,33
41,67
16,67
8,33
25,00
33,33
25,00
25,00
61-70/male
0,00
50,00
50,00
0,00
0,00
50,00
50,00
50,00
50,00
61-70/female
0,00
30,00
40,00
20,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
20,00
20,00
All age
groups /Total
0,35
33,33
26,31
19,30
21,05
33,33
29,82
22,81
15,79
All age
groups/male
3,33
33,33
27,78
16,67
22,22
55,55
33,33
27,78
16,67
All age
groups/female
5,59
33,33
25,64
20,51
20,51
23,08
28,20
23,08
15,38
These data show that the main appealing factor is entertainment (40%). Other factors
(Identification Factor; Information Factor; Recreation Factor; Dynamics of Action;
Professional Directing; Outstanding Acting; Special Effects) got the ratings from 20 to
33%. Gender differences on this level of general results are not significant, the main one
being the bigger percentage of men teachers (55%) compared to women teachers (28%)
who lay emphasis on the dynamics of action. There are some differentiations of opinions
inside the age groups; however the small number of teachers within one age group (10-12
people) does not allow us to draw any justifiable conclusions.
Entertainment was the leading factor in students’ motives for watching violence, too.
But in contradistinction to teachers, pupils did not attribute much importance to the skills
of the director (2%), information factor (7%) and compensatory (7%) factor of screen
texts. Both groups- teachers and students agree on the main point- that entertainment is still
the leading factor drawing people to media violence.
Table 4. Reasons for resentment against screen violence
age/gender
Aversion to
violence of
any kind
Disgust
towards
seeing
blood and
tortured/
injured
people
Avoiding
to
experienc
e negative
emotions
Belief that
violence on
the screen
increases
violence in
real life
Fear of
violence of
any kind
Number of teachers (in %)
21-30 /total
20,00
50,00
30,00
70,00
10,00
21-30/male
0,00
0,00
0,00
100,00
0,00
21-30/female
28,57
71,43
42,86
57,14
14,28
31-40/total
33,33
58,33
58,33
83,33
16,67
21-30/male
25,00
50,00
75,00
100,00
0,00
21-30/female
37,50
62,50
50,00
75,00
25,00
41-50/total
54,55
36,36
45,45
81,82
27,27
41-50/male
25,00
50,00
25,00
100,00
0,00
41-50/female
71,43
42,86
57,14
71,43
42,86
51-60/total
25,00
58,33
66,67
83,33
16,67
51-60/male
20,00
60,00
60,00
100,00
0,00
51-60/female
28,57
47,14
71,43
100,00
28,57
№№1-4(69-72), қаңтар-сәуір, январь-апрель, January-April, 2015 ISSN 2307-0188
Ġylym ža̋ne bìlìm ġasyry – Vek nauki i obrazovaniâ – Science and education century
___________________________________________________________________
19
61-70/total
41,67
58,33
66,67
100,00
25,00
61-70/male
50,00
50,00
0,00
100,00
50,00
61-70/female
40,00
60,00
70,00
100,00
20,00
All age groups
/Total
35,09
54,38
56,14
80,70
19,30
All age
groups/male
22,22
44,44
50,00
88,89
5,55
All age
groups/female
41,02
58,97
58,97
82,05
25,64
The analysis of Table 4 gives a rather clear vision of what is the most repulsive about
scenes of violence for teachers. First of all, it’s the conviction that screen violence does
effect the growth of crimes in society (80%). Further on there are such factors as the
aversion to images of blood, gore, graphic images of violence; unwillingness to experience
disturbing emotions, and fear.
Maximum gender differences emerge in the question of fear of violence (25% of
women and 5% of men), and resentment of any kind of violence (41% of women and 22%
of men).
Teachers from 41 to 70 most strongly oppose media violence. There are more people
within the same age group who are convinced that screen violence contributes to the
growth of violence in real life.
The comparison of the teachers’ and students’ opinions shows that the latter are more
tolerable towards screen violence. Only 20% of students (compared to 80% of teachers)
think that it affects the violence in society. Gore disgusts 25% of the students (54% of
teachers). Unwillingness to experience unpleasant emotions is the reason for not-watching
violent scenes for 18% of the students (56 % teachers), and resentment of any violence -
21% (35% of the teachers). The teachers’ and students’ percentage in the question of fear
is about the same.
Table 5. Whom do the teachers usually watch violent content programs with?
Teachers’
age/gender
with
Alone
Friends
Girlfrien
d/Boyfrie
nd/Spous
e
Parents
Student
s
Children/
Grandchi
ldren
Others
Number of teachers (in %)
21-30 /total
40,00
60,00
50,00
10,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
21-30/male
66,67
66,67
33,33
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
21-30/female
28,57
57,14
57,14
14,28
0,00
0,00
0,00
31-40/total
25,00
75,00
66,67
25,00
25,00
16,67
0,00
21-30/male
50,00
100,00
50,00
25,00
50,00
25,00
0,00
21-30/female
12,50
62,50
75,00
25,00
12,50
12,50
0,00
41-50/total
36,36
72,73
45,45
18,18
36,36
36,36
18,18
41-50/male
50,00
50,00
50,00
25,00
25,00
50,00
50,00
41-50/female
28,57
85,71
42,86
14,28
42,86
28,57
0,00
51-60/total
41,67
58,33
75,00
0,00
16,67
33,33
16,67
51-60/male
60,00
80,00
100,00
0,00
20,00
40,00
0,00
51-60/female
28,57
42,86
47,14
0,00
28,57
42,86
0,00
№№1-4(69-72), қаңтар-сәуір, январь-апрель, January-April, 2015 ISSN 2307-0188
Ġylym ža̋ne bìlìm ġasyry – Vek nauki i obrazovaniâ – Science and education century
___________________________________________________________________
20
61-70/total
33,33
83,33
83,33
0,00
16,67
50,00
0,00
61-70/male
50,00
100,00
100,00
0,00
0,00
50,00
0,00
61-70/female
30,00
80,00
80,00
0,00
20,00
50,00
0,00
All age
groups /Total
35,09
70,17
64,91
10,53
21,05
29,82
3,51
All age
groups/male
55,55
77,78
66,67
11,11
22,22
33,33
11,11
All age
groups/female
25,64
66,67
64,10
10,26
20,51
28,20
0,00
The data of Table 5 tell us that generally teachers watch programs/movies with
violent content in the company of their partners/spouses (65-70%). Then in descending
order follow: watching alone (35%), with children/grandchildren (30%), with students
(21%), with parents (10%) and with other people (e.g. in a movie theater) (3%).
Noticeably, men tend to watch violent programs by themselves twice more often as
women. Not a single woman teacher reported unfamiliar people (e.g. in a cinema) as
companions to watch movies with violent content.
Younger teachers in the age range of 21 to 30 do not watch scenes of violence with
their children (logically considering their age) or students (0%). Elder teachers (61-70), on
the contrary, are more oriented on watching them together with their children (the latter
being adults of 30-40 years old).
Comparing students’ answers with teachers’ answers, we can notice the common
grounds between these two groups: the most frequent company for watching violent
programs are friends, both for the students and for the teachers. Moreover, only 10-12% of
students watch them with parents, and 3-5% -with strangers.
Further answers differ a lot. In contradistinction to teachers, students do not like
watching media containing violence being alone (5% of students vs. 35% of teachers, 7
times less). But the most significant point is that only 4% of the students (compared to
21% of teachers) are ready to watch it together with their teachers. Even in the age group
of 7-8 year-olds, only 12% are eager to share this experience with their teacher.
Table 6. Typical mood before watching violent programs/films
Teachers’
age/gender
high spirits
low spirits
irritated
normal
mood
other
reasons
Number of teachers in % who gave this reason:
21-30 /total
0,00
10,00
0,00
50,00
10,00
21-30/male
0,00
0,00
0,00
66,67
33,33
21-30/female
0,00
14,28
0,00
57,14
0,00
31-40/total
8,33
25,00
0,00
66,67
0,00
21-30/male
25,00
25,00
0,00
50,00
0,00
21-30/female
0,00
25,00
0,00
75,00
00,00
41-50/total
18,18
45,45
0,00
36,36
0,00
41-50/male
25,00
25,00
0,00
50,00
0,00
41-50/female
14,28
57,14
0,00
28,57
0,00
51-60/total
8,33
50,00
0,00
41,67
0,00
51-60/male
20,00
40,00
0,00
40,00
0,00
51-60/female
0,00
47,14
0,00
42,86
0,00
№№1-4(69-72), қаңтар-сәуір, январь-апрель, January-April, 2015 ISSN 2307-0188
Ġylym ža̋ne bìlìm ġasyry – Vek nauki i obrazovaniâ – Science and education century
___________________________________________________________________
21
61-70/total
8,33
41,67
0,00
50,00
0,00
61-70/male
0,00
0,00
0,00
100,00
0,00
61-70/female
10,00
30,00
0,00
60,00
0,00
All age groups
/Total
8,77
31,58
0,00
54,38
1,75
All age
groups/male
16,67
22,22
0,00
55,55
5,55
All age
groups/female
5,13
35,90
0,00
53,85
0,00
The analysis of data of Table 6 shows that teachers usually watch scenes of violence
in a normal psychological state (54%). Low spirits follow with 31%, and good mood with
9%. It is worth mentioning that the gender difference is first of all revealed in the fact that
men teachers more often watch media violence being in the good mood, while women
teachers - in the bad mood.
The same tendency is seen in the students’ answers: normal mood (50%), low spirit
(27%). However, there are three times as many pupils (compared to teachers) who prefer to
watch violent scenes in good mood (20%), that probably is not surprisingly on account of
young people tending to be in high spirits overall more frequently than adults.
Table 7. How do they feel after watching violent scenes?
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |