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phraseological combinations, phraseological unities, and phraseological fusions



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Lectures.on.Le icology1

phraseological combinations, phraseological unities, and phraseological fusions. 
The Phraseological Collocations (Combinations), are partially motivated, they 
contain one component used in its direct meaning while the other is used figuratively: 
meet the demand, meet the necessity, meet the requirements. 
Phraseological unities are much more numerous. They are clearly motivated. 
The emotional quality is based upon the image created by the whole as in to stick (to 
stand) to one's guns, i.e. refuse to change one's statements or opinions in the face of 
opposition', implying courage and integrity. The example reveals another 
characteristic of the type, the possibility of synonymic substitution, which can be only 
very limited, e. g. to know the way the wind is blowing. 


Phraseological fusions, completely non-motivated word-groups, (e.g. tit for 
tat), represent as their name suggests the highest stage of blending together. The 
meaning of components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole, by its 
expressiveness and emotional properties. Phraseological fusions are specific for every 
language and do not lend themselves to literal translation into other languages. 
Semantic stylistic features contracting set expressions into units of fixed 
context are simile, contrast, metaphor and synonymy. For example: as like as two 
peas, as оld as the hills and older than the hills (simile); from beginning to end, for 
love or money, more or less, sooner or later (contrast); a lame duck, a pack of lies, 
arms race, to swallow the pill, in a nutshell (metaphor); by leaps and bounds, proud 
and haughty (synonymy). A few more combinations of different features in the same 
phrase are: as good as gold, as pleased as Punch, as fit as a fiddle (alliteration, 
simile); now or never, to kill or cure (alliteration and contrast). More rarely there is an 
intentional pun: as cross as two sticks means 'very angry'. This play upon words 
makes the phrase jocular.
There are, of course, other cases when set expressions lose their metaphorical 
picturesqueness, having preserved some fossilised words and phrases, the meaning of 
which is no longer correctly understood. For instance, the expression buy a pig in a 
poke may be still used, although poke 'bag' (cf. pouch, pocket) does not occur in other 
contexts. Expressions taken from obsolete sports and occupations may survive in their 
new figurative meaning. In these cases the euphonic qualities of the expression are 
even more important. A muscular and irreducible phrase is also memorable. The 
muscular feeling is of special importance in slogans and battle cries. Saint George 
and the Dragon for Merrie England, the medieval battle cry, was a rhythmic unit to 
which a man on a horse could swing his sword. The modern Scholarships not 
battleships! can be conveniently scanned by a marching crowd. 
N.N. Amosova's approach is contextological. She defines phraseological units 
as units of fixed context. Fixed context is defined as a context characterised by a 
specific and unchanging sequence of definite lexical components, and a peculiar 


semantic relationship between them. Units of fixed context are subdivided into 
phrasemes and idioms. Phrasemes are always binary: one component has a 
phraseologically bound meaning, the other serves as the determining context (small 
talk, small hours, small change). In idioms the new meaning is created by the whole, 
though every element may have its original meaning weakened or even completely 
lost: in the nick of time 'at the exact moment'. Idioms may be motivated or 
demotivated. A motivated idiom is homonymous to a free phrase, but this phrase is 
used figuratively: take the bull by the horns 'to face dangers without fear. In the nick 


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