Dictation. The tester dictates a passage or set of words; the testee writes them down.
Cloze. Words are omitted from a passage at regular intervals(for example, every seventh word). Usually the first two or three lines are given with no gaps.
The family are all fine, though Leo had bout of flu last week. He spent most of it lying on the sofa watching _______when he wasn’t sleeping. His exams___________ in two weeks; so he is ___________about missing school, but has managed to ___________quite a lot in spite ______feeling ill.
Transformation. A sentence is given; the testee has to change it according to some given instucion.
Put into the past tense: I go to school by bus.
Rewriting. A sentence is given; the testee rewrites it, incorporating a given change of expression, but preserving the basic meaning.
He came to the meeting in spite of his illness
Although …..
Translation. The testee is asked to translate the expressions, sentences or entire passages to or from the target language.
Essay. The testee is given a topic such as “Childhood memories”, and asked to write an essay of a specific length.
Monologue. The testee is given a topic or question and asked to speak about it for a minute or two.
From Penny Ur “A Course in Language Teaching”, CUP)
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There are six factors that need to be taken into account when assessing the value of a test:
Its practicality – how easy is it to set up, administer and mark?
Its reliability- does it give consistent results, e.g. do the results tally with those of similar students, and when marked by different people?
Its validity- does it test what we want to test, and not something else?
Its face validity- do the students recognize it as a fair test, and will they therefore perform to their ability?
Backwash- does it positively influence the teaching that will be done in preparation for it?
Spin-off- can the test be used subsequently for review and remedial teaching?
Where discrete-item tests lose points with regard to their overall validity, they are more reliable, practical and, from the student’s point of view, they look like tests. They can also be used afterwards for reviewing purposes. Their backwash effect is less powerful than of performance tests, however.
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