Lesson 5
ГРАММАТИКА: Согласование времен.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
u
but:
Du:]
[u:]
use, due, cube, huge, human, future,
refuse, deduce, duty, assume, music
blue, true
u
M
up, but, cut, thus, such, publish, hundred,
result, crust, just, number, much,
combustion, substancc
but: to]
put, full
ur (+ согласная)
[з:]
turn, burn, occur, purpose, surface,
further
ur + гласная
Do»] pure, during
eu
Du:]
neutral neutron, pneumatic, pneumonia
cw
new, few
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b)
calcium ['kaclsiam], carbidc [’ka:baid], commcrcial [кэ'тз:/з1],
liquefaction [.likwi'fxk/sn], acctylcnc [o'setili:n], broad (bro:d], field [fi:ld],
garage ('джга:з), automobile ['D:tomo.bi:l], manufacture [.mxnjo'fxkt/o],
refrigerator [ri'fridsorcito], iron [‘aion], disease [di'zirz], alitutude ['a‘ltitju:dj,
health [hclO], pneumonia [nju(:)'mdunj3]
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to
understand their meaning.
interest, gas, active, actual, extremely, factor, speed, method, econom
ically, calcium, carbidc, scale, process, fractional distillation, technically,
temperature, revolutionize, defect, operate, industrially, rectification,
acctylcnc, proportion, basis, practically, division, production, garage,
automobile, manufacture, refrigerator
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -lure [t/э] —> существительное
nature, structure, mixture, feature, picture, temperature, manufacture
but: -sure pressure [-/э], measure [-
59
]
основа слова (иногда с чередованием гласных корня) + -th
сущест
вительное
strength, length, depth, death, breath, health
основа слова + -less —» прилагательное
useless, senseless, colourless, odourless, tasteless, featureless
Ex. 4. Give the initial forms of the following words, arrange them in the
alphabetic order and find their meaning in a dictionary.
mixed, welding, divided, fields, perhaps, equipment, applied, surfaces,
altitudes, otherwise, feet, besides, required
Ex. 5. Using the context and a dictionary give the right meaning of the
Italicized words.
1. He usually finds his own way to do the work. 2. There is no other
way out. 3. In this way, the oxy-acctylcnc process is applied almost in
every field of industry. 4. How long is a foot? — It is 30.48 centimetres.
5. The phlogiston theory no longer exists.
6
. The academic year is divided
into two terms. 7. Technical terms arc easy to learn if there arc Russian
analogues.
8
. Elements arc classified in terms of their properties. 9. My
friend lives not fa r from the University. 10. By fa r the greatest volume of
oxygen is used for industrial purposes.
2 CrcnjHOM
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Text 5 A
Modern Uses of Oxygen
Although oxygen has been used in industry for more than 100 years,
there has been interest in this colourless, odourless, tasteless gas for several'
hundred years. Its presence as an active element in the air was suspected
as long ago as 1500 A. D., but only in 1777 Antoine Lavoisier, a French
chcmist, named oxygen and described its properties.
The actual development o f the industrial application of oxygen for the
next hundred years was extremely slow. Then, at the turn of the twentieth
century, two factors greatly speeded progress. One was a method for
economically producing oxygen of high purity from the air, and the other
was a method for producing calcium carbidc on a commercial scale.
Probably 95 per cent of the huge volume of oxygen used today is obtained
from the air by a process which was developed by Dr. Carl von Linde in
Germany in 1895 and 1902. This method is based upon the liquefaction of
air and its fractional distillation. Technically, the proccss is complicated, as
it requires one of the lowest temperatures used industrially — more than
300°F below zero (-194.4eC). The liquid air is a very cold mixture of liquid
oxygen and liquid nitrogen. Oxygen is then separated by rectification. Most
oxygen produced for industrial purposes is purer than 99 per ccnt.
Calcium carbidc treated with water produces acctylcnc, a gas which
burns in air with a brilliant white light. When the two gases, oxygen and
acctylcnc arc mixed in proper proportions and burned, their combustion
produces the hottest flame known — more than 5400°F (» 3000°C). This
flame for the past
100
years has formed the basis for the oxy-acctylcnc
proccss for welding and cutting metals.
Today there is practically no industry which docs not use the proccss.
Broadly speaking, applications arc divided into two fields — repair and
production. The repair field is perhaps the better known, for practically
every garage uses the oxy-acctylcnc proccss for repairing automobile parts.
In industry, there is not a factory which docs not use the proccss in many
different ways for repairing the equipment.
Another proccss where acetylene is used, is callcd “hard-facing”*.
Extremely hard alloys arc applied to the surfaces of metal parts, increasing
the life of the parts many times.
Certain industries have developed mostly due to welding. This is true
in the manufacture of airplanes, automobiles, refrigerators, railway roads.
But the greatest amount of oxygen is used in cutting iron and steel —
one of the most spectacular applications of oxygen in industry. This simple
proccss has literally revolutionized the metalworking industries. It was
found that any cuts were made quite easily.
* hard-facing — покрытие твердым слоем, улрочненне поверхности
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One of the most recent applications of the oxy-acctylcnc proccss is for
removing surface defects from steel. In this way, larger amounts o f cleaner
and better steel arc made possible at lower cost.
Although by far the greatest volume of oxygen— amounting to several
billion cubic feet a year— is used for industrial puiposcs, an ever increasing
amount of oxygen is being used in mcdicinc, the treatment o f diseases,
such as pneumonia or heart diseases. It has saved many lives. Besides,
while breathing oxygen, aircraft pilots operate at altitudes otherwise
impractical without it.
It may be said that oxygen is men’s best friend— both in industry and
for human health.
Words and Word-Combinatlons to Be Memorized
acetylene, actual, amount, apply, base, below, besides, bum, calcium,
carbide, commercial, complicated, development, distillation, divide, equipment,
ever, extremely, factor, foot (feet), fractional, human, interest, iron, liquid,
manufacture, mix, nitrogen, operate, past, possible, practically, presence,
process, production, proportion, recent, scale, separate, speed, steel, taste,
tasteless, technically, temperature, than, true, at the turn of the ccntuiy, while
Ex.
6
. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
long ago, more than, less than, industrial application, extremely slow,
at the turn of the twentieth ccntuiy, speed progress, high, purity, on a
commercial scale, huge volume, obtain by a proccss, develop a process,
liquid air, separate, for industrial purposes, treat with smth., mix in proper
proportions, form the basis for smth., automobile parts, the metalworking
industries, remove a dcfcct, treat a disease, breathe oxygen
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
активный элемент, только, в промышленных масштабах, вероятно,
карбид кальция, получить из воздуха, разработать метод, фракционная
перегонка, самая низкая температура, ниже нуля, выше нуля, жидкий
воздух, для промышленных целей, горсть на воздухе, разделить на,
металлические детали, наибольшее количество, простой процесс, та
ким образом, возможный, хотя, кроме того, лучший друг человека
Ex.
8
. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
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