Lesson 20
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции допол
нения.
Section I
Ex. I . P ra c tise y o u r p ro n u n cia tio n .
a)
covalent [kao'veibnt], distribute [dis'tnbjot], electron [f Icktron], ethyl
['cOilj, [*i:0ail] (chem.), dimethyl [dat'meOil]. [-mi:6ail] (chem.), ether [Ч:0э].
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alcohol ['x’lkahnlj, hydroxyl [hai'droksil], California [,ka:b'fo:nio], through
[Oru:J, clcctronic [ilek'tromk]
b) Jhc^clcc'troniCy'structurCyOfNmolcculcs, the^’number^of^'valcncc
electrons, un'sharcd^c’lcctronXpairs, in^'such^aSway, in^itsw'ouicrw\shcll,
forw'othcr\molecules, forv'ovcrva^ 'hundrcd\years, atjheJjc'ginning^of^thc
Ncentury
c) It is the coValent/bond | that is .represented by a 'dash in the 'valcnce-
bond\formulas.
Ex. 2. Pay attention to the structure of the following words. Translate
them into Russian.
a) hydrogen, hydroxyl, hydrate, hydride, hydrocarbon, hydrolysis,
hydrolyze, hydroxide, hydrochloric acid
b) a chcmical, a proposal, a general, a crystal, a credential, a liberal, a
criminal
c) sulphide, halide, fluoride, hydride, bromide, oxide, sclcnidc, nitride,
iodide, chloride
Ex. 3. Define the meanings of the word way in the following scntcnccs:
1. In what way is hydrogen produced? 2. The tcachcr didn’t like the
way the student was handling the instrument. 3. The situation is rather
difficult, I don’t see any way out. 4. The compound obtained in this way is
usually pure enough. 5. In some way or other, the work must be finished
today. 6. It is a long way from here to his home. 7. On his way home he met
N. 8. By the н’л>\ what is the symbol of manganese? 9. The investigation
that is under way in their laboratory is of particular interest.
Ex. 4. Find the predicate, the subjcct and the object in the following
sentences:
1. The chcmical properties show ethyl alcohol to contain one hydrogen
£ atom attached to an oxygen atom. 2. Before 1900 many chcmists believed
water to be the only solvent in which typical ionic reactions could be
cairicd out. 3. Dalton assumed atoms to be indivisible particles of the
elementary substancc.
Text 20 A
The Structure of Covalent Compounds
The clcctronic structure of molcculcs ofcovalcnt compounds involving
the principal groups of the periodic table can usually be written by counting
the number of valcncc electrons in the molecule and then distributing the
valcncc electrons as unshared electron pairs and shared electron pairs in
such a way that each atom achieves an argonic structure.
For many molcculcs the covalcncc of cach atom is equal to the number
of unpaired clcctrons in its outer shell, and is, thus, simply related to the
position of the clement in the periodic table. For other molcculcs and ions
the covalcncc of the atoms is less simply related to the periodic tabic.
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It is often ncccssary to have some experimental information about the
way in which the atoms arc bonded together. Thus, there arc two compounds
with the composition C;H60 : ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether. The
chcmical properties of these two substanccs show one of them, ethyl
alcohol, to contain one hydrogen atom attached to an oxygen atom, whereas
dimethyl ether doesn’t contain such a hydroxyl group.
The atoms o f most molcculcs arc held tightly together by a very
important sort of bond, the sharcd-clcctron-pair bond or the covalcnt bond.
This bond is so important, so nearly universally present in substancc that
Professor Gilbert Newton Lewis of the University of California (1876—
1946), who discovered its electronic structure, callcd it the chcmical bond.
It is the covalcnt bond that is represented by a dash in the valence-
bond formulas, such as
Cl
I
Br—Br
and
Cl — С — Cl
I
Cl
that have been written by chcmists for over a hundred years.
Modem chemistiy has been greatly simplified through the development
of the theory o f the covalcnt bond. It is now easier to understand and to
remember chcmical facts, by connecting them with our knowledge of the
nature o f the chcmical bond and the electronic structure of molcculcs,
than was possible at the beginning of the ccntury.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
achieve, argon, such a, connect, ether, ethyl, experimental, greatly,
infoimation, nearly, professor, simplify, sort, universally, university, covalent,
in such a way, in this way
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
the principal groups of the periodic tabic, count the number o f valcncc
electrons, distribute the electrons, unshared clcctron pairs, in the outer
shell, be related to, it is often ncccssary to, be bonded together, attach one
atom to another, a hydroxyl group, be held together, represent the bond by
a dash, over a hundred years, it is now easier to understand, the theory o f
the covalcnt bond
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
ковалентное соединение, поделенная электронная пара, таким
образом, быть равным чему-л., положение элемента в периодической
таблице, этиловый спирт, присоединить к, ковалентная связь, Кали
форнийский университет, Санкт-Пстсрбургскнй университет, соврс-
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мснная химия, упростить что-л., запомнить факты, природа хими
ческой связи, электронная структура молекулы, быть возможным, в на
чале столетня
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where ncccssary.
1 .... many molcculcs the covalcncc ... cach ... atom is equal... the
number... unpaired electrons ... its outer level. 2. There are some other
molcculcs... which the covalcncc... the atoms is not dircctly related...
the periodic table. 3
ethyl alcohol one hydrogen atom is attached... an
oxygen atom. 4. Dimethyl ether docs not contain ... a hydroxyl group.
5. The atoms ... most molcculcs arc held together ... a covalcnt bond.
6. Modem chcmistry was greatly simplified ... the development... the
theory ... the covalcnt bond.
Ex. 8. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to different
functions of one.
1. There is some difference as regards solubility o f gases in liquids, of
two gases the one that is more readily liquefied is the more soluble. 2. The
transition elements arc the ones that have their inner shells partly filled.
3. Ethyl alcohol contains one hydrogen atom attached to an oxygen atom.
4. Now one can understand chcmical phenomena better by connccting
chemical facts with the nature o f the chcmical bond. 5. Reliable
experimental data enable one to draw proper conclusions. 6. This approach
is quite similar to the one just described. 7. The procedure is a simple one.
8. One finds the reason for this similarity in the periodic table. 9. It takes
« one much time to make all the calculations without a computer. 10. It is
one of the simplest methods and it is often rccommcndcd to the students.
Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Everybody considers him to be an expert in his field. 2. Mendeleyev
believed some elements to be missing in his periodic table and he even
predicted their properties. 3. The teacher cxpcctcd us to finish the work
at 5, but we couldn’t solve the problem. 4 . 1 suppose the paper to have
been already typed. 5. They saw him pour the liquid into the test-tube
and then heat the tube over the burner. 6. She heard somebody call her
and went to the door. 7. Wc waited for the solution to boil. 8 .1 knew him
to have passed the exam in mathematics successfully, that is why I asked
him to help me. 9. Wc should cxpcct the atomic weight of sulphur to be
greater than that of oxygen. 10. The ancicnt scientists believed earth,
water, air and fire to be elements. 11. Dalton thought a water molecule
to consist of one hydrogen and one oxygen atom. 12. Certain conditions
must be observed to make nitrogen react with other elements.
13. Sometimes, the presence of the catalyst causcs the two dements to
unite and form a compound. 14. Dr. N thought high stability of the
compound to be due to the prcscncc of an admixture ions. 15. Let’s assume
the volume of the gas to be equal to x. 16. He was made to stay in the
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laboratory and finish cleaning. 17. Pressure causes gas to comprcss.
18. The obtained results led us to draw the following conclusion.
19. Under ordinary conditions it is not always easy to get some elements
to combine with other elements. 20. They were forced to use an old
apparatus because the new one was out of order. 21. Qualitative analysis
enables the composition of a sample to be determined. 22. Mendeleyev’s
periodic table allows the suppositions about the atomic structure to be
made. 23. Experiments sometimes permit some useful information about
the chcmical bond to be obtained.
Ex. 10. Translate the scntcnccs into English.
1. Знание электронной структуры атомов позволяет определить
xapaicTcp
связи. 2. Ковалентность каждого атома в молекуле может
быть в большей или меньшей степени связана с его положением в
периодической таблице. 3. Существуют соединения, имеющие оди
наковый состав, но разную структуру. 4. Один из примеров таких
соединений — это этиловый спирт и димстиловый эфир, оба они
могут быть написаны одной и той же формулой — С2Н«0.5. В моле
кулах атомы удерживаются вместе посредством связей, одна из наи
более распространенных связен — ковалентная, б. Эта связь очень
интересна с точки зрения ее электронной структуры.
Ex. 11. Answer the following questions:
1. In what way is it possible to count the number of valcncc electrons
in the molecule? 2. What rule helps us to determine the distribution of
valcncc electrons in electron pairs? 3. What attracts the attention of the
chemists as regards such compounds as ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether?
4. What kind of bond is usually callcd a covalent bond? 5. What is the
usual way of writing structural formulas of molcculcs?
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