Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по образовательной программе
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Шеттілдік
| Dictionaries. For learning English there are
many dictionaries available both in hard copies and e-versions. Programmed materials – CDs and computer programmes. They are necessary when programmed learning is used. The main features of programmed learning are as follows: 1. Learning by small easy steps. Every step or frame calls for a written or an oral response which requires both attention and thought. 2. Immediate reinforcement by supplying a correct answer after each response. The pupil is aware that his response is right. The steps are so small and the arrangement is so orderly that he is likely to make very few errors. When an error occurs, he discovers his mistake immediately by comparing his response with the one given in "the feed-back". 3. Progression at the learning rate of each individual pupil. Each pupil can work at his pace. Visual materials. Objects (Realia). There are a lot of things in the classroom such as pens and pencils of different sizes and colours, books, desks, and many other articles which the teacher can use in presenting English names for them and in stimulating students' activities to utilize the words denoting the objects they can see, touch, point to, give, take, etc. Toys and puppets may be widely used in teaching children of primary schools, which is the case in the specialized schools. Flashcards. a) picture flashcards b) word flashcards. A flashcarcl is a card with a letter, a sound symbol, or a word to be used for a quick showing to students and in this way for developing students' skills in reading and pronunciation. Picture flashcards have the advantage that the teacher can prepare them at his/her leisure at home. In this way, they can be made more attractive and colorful and can include details impossible to include in a hastily drawn blackboard picture. Although, they will probably be used in much the same sort of way and for much the same sort of purpose as blackboard drawings, they have the advantage of cutting down greatly on time as well as providing variety. Wall-charts: A wall-chart is a big sheet of paper with drawing or words to be hung in the classroom and used for revision or generalization of some linguistic phenomenon, such as "English Tenses", "Passive Voice", "Rules of Reading", etc. Posters or series of illustrations portraying a story. They are used as "props" in retelling a story read or heard. Pictures. a) Object pictures (a bed, a cat, a table) b) Situational pictures (the picture of a boy lying in bed) c) Topical picture (a picture of a bedroom) d) Printed pictures, magazine pictures. Printed and magazine pictures are one of the most useful visual aids available to teachers. The students can be presented with completely unusual situations in magazine pictures, which at the same time are stimulating and colorful. Magazine pictures are also easily accessible to everyone-they are cheap and easy to find. Photographs, albums, maps and plans. Teachers can use real objects or internet images. In teaching English the maps of Great Britain, the USA, and other countries where English is spoken may be used. The plans, for example, of a house, building. Audio-visual materials. Sound films, are examples of audio-visual materials. Short 23 videos are becoming popular with the teachers. They are short (1,5- 1,7 min.) and the teacher can play the video back as many times as necessary for the students to grasp the material and memorize it. Software can interact with learners in ways that books and audio cannot: Some software records the learner, analyzes the pronunciation, and gives feedback. Software can present additional exercises in areas where a particular learner has difficulty, until the concepts are mastered. Software can pronounce words in the target language and show their meaning by using pictures instead of oral explanations. The only language in such software is the target language. It is comprehensible regardless of the learner's native language. жүктеу/скачать 1,01 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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