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«ҚАЗАҚСТАН-РЕСЕЙ МЕДИЦИНАЛЫҚ УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ» МЕББМ		НУО «КАЗАХСТАНСКО-РОССИЙСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Development of the Topic «Era and time. Great discoveries in the world medicine» (A.Fleming)

Goals: Tasks and objectives:		The main goal: - to gain and acquire new terms, phrases, words - to be capable to ask and answer questions on the topic; - to practice grammar structures: Indefinite pronouns. The participle (present, past)
		- to be in the know of the required vocabulary; - to give summery of great discoveries in medicine; - to understand the use of the indefinite pronouns, the participle (present, past forms)
Form:	Practical
Method:	Communicative: Discussion, Retelling, Speaking, Working with a partner
Results:	- answer the questions related to the text; - acquire words and phrases (sentences) corresponding to the context; - give self-evaluation of the topic.
Material: (visual aids)	Laptop, hand-outs, presentations
Literature:		Main: The book: English for medical Institutions. A.M Маслова, З.Г. Вайнштейн, Л.С. Плебейская. English-Russian-Kazakh dictionary
		Extra: Internet recourses

Rapid scientific advances

Great discoveries were made in the nineteenth century. One of them was the discovery of cocaine, which was very effective as a local anaesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocaine into a certain part of the body and deaden (заглушать) the pain in that part during the operation.

When the problem of pain was solved, surgeons could carry out long and complicated operations.
A very important discovery was made by the French chemist, physicist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. We know him as the originator of the "germ theory" of disease. He discovered fermentation and developed the process of pasteurization. Louis Pasteur produced the theory that disease and infection were caused by germs and he proved that they were spread through the air. He found that germs could be killed in the liquids (жидкостях) by heat (теплом) and the term "pasteurization" was given to the process.
Rudolf Virchov became known for his work in cellular pathology, and Herman von Helmholtz for his invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1850.
Lord Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, and Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow (тень) of bones on the screen (экран). As these rays were unknown to him, he called them X-rays.

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