12. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение существительного result и глагола to result.
1. A tax rate over 45 percent is known to result in a reduction in the taxes raised.
2. If labour supply is inelastic, there will be an increase in wages as a result of improvements in technology.
3. When transfers (e.g., unemployment benefits, disability payments) are added to labour incomes and distributed profits, the result is personal income.
4. Due to the tax reform the taxed income was lowered and an increase in tax revenue resulted though it was not as big as the government had expected it to be.
5. Higher profit resulted from decreased transportation expenses.
13. Укажите, в каких предложениях that и those являются словами-заместителями. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Part of the profit goes to those who have provided the initial capital needed to start a business.
2. If markets allocate resources efficiently so that consumers' requirements are met at minimum cost, why should governments intervene in the economy at all?
3. To have on-farm and off-farm jobs at the same time is common practice in rural areas of the USA and Canada, especially among those working on small farms.
4. One reason why labour is a special commodity is that wages include the costs of investing in human capital, which brings in profit over a long period of time.
5. Unlike OPEC countries, oil-importing nations had to give up (отказаться от) much of their production in exchange for the imports that they required when prices for oil had risen.
6. Tax revenue following a reduction in taxable income and a rise of the number of taxpayers was expected to be much higher than that raised previously.
14. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов.
1. Public spending has to be financed (nearly /mostly) through taxation and government(borrowing/ share).
2. Over the last 100 years real wages have increased between five and fifteen times, (whereas / still) working time has been cut by nearly half.
3. Because unemployment often results in personal trauma, (unemployment benefits I retirement pensions) are said to be needed for psychological reasons.
4. Natural resources research in the USA in the 1930s was (nearly I initially) based on collecting information from various sources.
5. Due to a more {productive /required) capital and more know-how, wages in West Germany in the early 1980s were about three times as much as
(those I that) in the East. (Whereas/ as a result),many East Germans moved to the West.
6. Productive processes are (mostly / still) prohibited because they are dangerous to workers or to the environment.
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