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marked by a rich juristic literature stemming from Hugo Grotius (de Groot) in the 17th century. But
their long contacts with Britain mean that their public law and systems of court procedure owe much to
the common law.
2
) Scotland, Louisiana, Mauritius and Quebec are examples of a private law based on older
civil and customary rules (uncodified in Scotland) struggling to endure in a common-law environment.
Israel has a system of its own, where the older Ottoman and British mandate layers are now overridden
by a modern system. It has no single constitutional document, but much of the modern law combines
the broad legislative simplicity of the great codes of civil law with the careful transparency of the
common-law judgment.
3) The Nordic Europe legal systems of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden do not
fit neatly into the civil-law pattern. Their original Germanic public and private law was collected in
legislative form long before the rationalizing fashion of the French model: in Denmark (1683),
Norway (1683), and Sweden-Finland (1734). Marked by relatively small population with a high
standard of living, economic efficiency and the ideals of the modern welfare state, they have adopted
much uniform legislation especially in the fields of commerce and family law.
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