Атты І халықаралық конференция ЕҢбектері
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tense Example Morphemes Equivalent tense in Kazakh Translation Present Simple I play ойна + й(а or е) + Ауыспалы осы шақ (changing present simple) Мен ойнаймын Present Continuous I am playing ойна + п (ып or іп) + жатыр + + Нақ осы шақ (now present tense) Мен ойнап жатырмын Past Continuous I was playing ойна + п (ып or іп) + отыр + д{I} + Бұрынғы өткен шақ (past continuous) Мен ойнап отырдым Verb-phrase chunks are also used to prepare translations not using a finite verb (but a nominal or adjectival structure, often based on non-finite forms of verbs instead). For instance, for obligatory English modal constructs (have to, must, need to, should) verb phrases made up of three lexical units have to be generated, with a verbal noun, an adjective roughly meaning “necessary” (керек) or “proper” (жөн), and a form of the copula (absent in present tense); the subject receives the genitive or dative case: I have to go → Менің баруым керек, I need to go → Маған бару керек, etc.; see these and other modal construction examples in Table Table. Table 4 Translation of some English modal verbs Construction Example Morphemes Translation Gloss Must have to I must go, I have to go Мен + -{N}{I}ң + -y possessive> + керек <adjective> Менің баруым керек My going necessary [is] Should I should go Мен + -{N}{I}ң + -{G}{A}н + - {I}м <1st person possessive> + жөн Менің барғаным жөн My going proper [is] Need to I need to go Мен + -{G}{A}[н] + -y + керек <adjective> Маған бару керек To me, going necessary [is] Want to I want to go Мен + -{N}{I}ң + -{G}{I} + -{I}м <1st person possessive> + кел + -{E}д{I} Менің барғым келеді My going will come 15 Actually, Kazakh language uses four auxiliary verbs: жатыр ('lie', used when the activity takes a long time), отыр ('sit', used when the activity appears to be done in a sitting position), тұр ('stand', when the takes a short time), and жүр (when the activity repeats regularly). Choosing the most adequate auxiliary verb is hard without a semantic analysis, which is not easily available in Apertium. Our current choice (an approximation) is жатыр ('lie') for the present continuous and отыр ('sit') for the past continuous. 328 Finally, as negative constructions in English contain more words than their corresponding affirmative words, or may even use an auxiliary verb (as in do not, did not), they have to be separately detected as verb chunks to generate the appropriate Kazakh negative forms (I play → мен ойнаймын; I do not play → мен ойнамаймын. For examples of other negative constructs, see Table Table). Table 5 Translation of some negative constructions. Construction Example Morphemes Translation Note Present Continuous (negative) I am not playing ойна + п (ып or іп) + жатқан жоқ + Мен ойнап жатқан жоқпын In present auxiliary verbs (жатыр/отыр) do not have a synthetic negative form. Can (negative) I can not play Ойна + -{E} + ал + ма + й <1st person> Мен ойнай алмаймын Verb phrases (VP) are marked at the chunk level with person and number, both to be determined and linked via references to the appropriate morphemes in the appropriate verb lexical forms. The chunk-level person and number to be determined will be rewritten by the appropriate 2nd-level (interchunk) transfer rules, and will be propagated to lexical forms at the 3rd-level transfer stage (postchunk). Other indicators that have to be made available at the chunk level are negation (for negative verbs) and conditional (which will be handled as a tense). For instance, negation can be easily determined at the chunking level when the English VP chunk contains not, as in I don’t play → мен ойнамаймын, but may need to be determined at the interchunk level in sentences having a non- negative VP but a negative word like those starting with еш-, like I write nothing → мен ешнәрсе жазбаймын, which requires a negative form of the verb (-ба- in the example). жүктеу/скачать 8,57 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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