Remarks:
1.
In our investigation of Kazakh text body there are no simple words, which have ae and oe
Cyrillic letter combinations. Besides, our articulation abilities do not allow pronouncing these
sound combinations. Therefore in the new alphabet Latin letter combinations ae and oe do not
generate any orthographic problem.
2.
If such letter combination is found in compound words in accordance with the existing
orthography, it is only between the constituent words and therefore they have to be written
separately. For example, the components of the word "қараемел" will be written separately as
"қара емел".
3.
If such letter combination is found in the record of someone’s last name in accordance with
the currently existing orthography, then we need to rewrite it by placing letter й between the letters
of such letter combinations, because we hear the sound й when we pronounce last names with such
letter combinations in it. (e. g. Абаев=Абайев; Оразаев=Оразайев, Ризоев=Ризойев,
Сусоев=Сусойев)
126
In the new alphabet high-frequency consonant sounds ғ and г will be indicated by nearly
standing letters f and g, and consonant sounds қ and к will be indicated by the letters q and k,
because it seems like the word ‘қазақ’ is correctly spelled as 'qazaq' rather than a ' kazak’'.
Now let’s have a very close look at the sonar consonant sound ң (ың). There is no word in the
Kazakh language that starts with this sound, i.e. the use of the capital letter that will indicate this
sound will be very rare. Therefore, paying more attention to the lowercase letter that indicates the
sound ң, we will choose Latin letter h, which is similar in shape to the Latin letter n, which
indicates sonar sound н that is in tune with ң sound (In some languages sound ң is indicated by a
combination of two Latin letters. For example, in English and Uzbek languages sound ң is indicated
by the combination of letters n and g. This method cannot be used in Kazakh language, because
some different words in the new alphabet will be written identically and pronounced differently:
different words " күнгі, күңі" are written as "kungі") .
Let’s change the values of the remaining Latin letters c and x to the unmarked Kazakh sounds
ш(шы) and ж(жы)respectively (here we took into account that the letter C was used in the same
value in the Kazakh alphabet in 1929).
Another unmarked borrowed low frequency sounds ф(фе) and х(хы) will be indicated by the
combinations of two Latin letters. We will take Latin letters p and k as a first pair combination
respectively, which indicate sounds п and к that are close to ф and х sounds in soundings. As a
second pair of these combinations we will take Latin letter h, which indicates sonar sound ң (ың).
Because in the investigated body text we did not find any simple word, where there are пң and кң
letter combinations. This means that the Latin letter combinations ph and kh will not generate any
spelling problems in the new alphabet.
Further let’s consider 3 Kazakh similar-sounding sounds: vowels Y and ұ and consonants у.
Note that in the body text frequencies of letters Y, ұ, у were closely to be alike, but frequencies of
letters ү and ұ will increase during the creation of new orthography of Kazakh language. It is
because if the sound occurs in the beginning or in the middle of a word before consonants, then
according to the softness or hardness of the nearest syllable it is replaced by the sound of Y or ұ
(e.g. улеу=үлеу, умаждау=ұмаждау, удмурт=ұдмұрт, сурет=сүрет, формула=формұла) . Also,
if the sound occurs in the end of a word after the consonants, it is influenced by the softness and
hardness of the nearest syllable and is replaced by a combination of үу or ұу (e.g. келу=келүу,
бару=барұу). In spite of the fact that ү is the allophone, we must indicate it by the special Latin
letter. To indicate sounds у, ү and ұ we have three appropriate letters u, v and w. In Latin alphabet
they stand in sequence. Therefore we will indicate Kazakh sounds у, ү, ұ by the Latin letters u, v,
and w respectively. We will indicate the low frequency sound в (вы) by a combination of two
Latin letters. As the first pair of combination let’s take the letter b that indicates close sounding
sound б (бы) and as the second pair we will take Latin letter h. There is no letter combination бң
found in the ivestigated body text.
So we have built the first draft of the proposed alphabet and in the alternative to him second
draft the sound в (вы) is indicated by the one letter v and the sound ү is indicated by the ue letter
combination. The rest of Latin letters that indicate Kazakh sounds do not change ( in Appendix i
presentation of notation of Kazakh sounds in Latin alphabet , Appendix j.a shows the Latin alphabet
of the Kazakh language , and in Appendix j.b orthographic rules of the submission of Kazakh
sounds are given) .
In the new Latin alphabet of Kazakh language built above you can type it on the keyboard of any
computer and telephone without any additional costs. There is no need to switch to the other tabs
and you can process Kazakh text efficiently without using additional fonts, drivers, software,
sorting and searching programs. (in Appendix k examples of the application of the new alphabet are
shown) .
9. Future challenges
Before transforming the Cyrillic alphabet Kazakh writing into Latin alphabet we should get rid
of all letters that indicate sounds, which do not belong to Kazakh language. There are no letters and
127
orthographic rules for them in the offered new alphabet.This is due to the fact that no language
takes sounds of another language without legitimizing them and words that are formed with the use
of the sounds of another language, which subordinate these words according to their own phonetic
rules, create appropriate orthographic and orthoepic rules. For example, in Russian , some people's
names and the names of the places and water bodies are not written in Kazakh. They were
converted in Russian style. As the result Әділ became Адиль, Іңкәр became Инкар,Ұзынағаш
became Узунагач, Іле became Или. This method is used in any languages with different sound
systems and alphabets. Therefore, we have developed some rules how to remove Cyrillic
alphabetic Russian letters ё, и, э, ю, я , ц, ч, щ, ь, ъ from Kazakh language words. The automatic
transformation of Kazakh texts from Cyrillic into Latin alphabet computer converter program was
created. Its internet address: www.alphabet.kz.
After the approval of the new Kazakh alphabet we need to work in the following 7 directions,
each of them consists of 7 issues:
I. Standardization of Kazakh language:
I.1. Creating a standard phonetics of Kazakh language.
I.2. Creating a standard orthography of Kazakh language.
I.3. Creating a standard morphology of Kazakh language.
I.4. Creating a standard syntax of Kazakh language.
I.5. Creating industrial terms of Kazakh language.
I.6. Creating an onomastics standard and toponymy of Kazakh language.
I.7. Creating a standard of measurement of Kazakh language knowledge.
II. Electronic audio dictionaries of Kazakh language:
II.1.Orthographic dictionary of Kazakh language.
II.2.Orthoepic dictionary of Kazakh language.
II.3.Phraseological dictionary of Kazakh language.
II.4.Synonymic audio dictionary of Kazakh language.
II.5.Russian-Kazakh common language audio dictionary.
II.6.Diversified Russian-Kazakh audio glossary.
II.7.Diversified explanatory audio glossary of terms in Kazakh language.
III. Formalization of Kazakh language
III.1. Formalization of the phonetic rules of Kazakh language.
III.2. Formalization of the morphological rules of Kazakh language.
III.3. Formalization of the syntax rules of Kazakh language.
III.4. Formation of semantic models of word forms of Kazakh language.
III.5. Formation of semantic models of the word combinations of Kazakh language.
III.6. Formation of semantic models of the sentences of Kazakh language.
III.7. Formation of semantic models of the texts of Kazakh language.
IV. Computer processing of Kazakh language writing
IV.1. Creation of the converter programs for transforming of Kazakh language texts from one
encoding system to another and from one drawing to another.
IV.2. Creation of a thematic electronic Kazakh language text fund on Arabic, Cyrillic and Latin.
IV.3. Creation of a computer program of analysis and synthesis of word forms of Kazakh language.
IV.3. Creation of a computer program of morphological analysis and synthesis of Kazakh language.
IV.4. Creation of a computer program of syntactic analysis and word combinations synthesis of
Kazakh language.
IV.5. Creation of a computer program of syntactic analysis and synthesis of simple sentences of
Kazakh language.
IV.6. Creation of a computer program of syntactic analysis and synthesis of complex sentences of
Kazakh language.
IV.7. Creation of a system of semantic information search in Kazakh language.
V. Speech technologies of Kazakh language
128
V.1. Creation of phonetically complete acoustic enclosure based on the new orthography.
V.2. Creation of a program of generation of phonetically complete Kazakh word forms and their
transcriptions.
V.3. Creation of program of synthesis of individual oral Kazakh words.
V.4. Creation of a program of synthesis of continuous speech of Kazakh language.
V.5. Creation of program of recognition of individual oral Kazakh words.
V.6. Creation of a program of recognition of continuous speech of Kazakh language.
V.7. Creation of a program of recognition of noises of Kazakh language.
VI. Electronic learning (e-learning) of Kazakh language:
VI.1. Creation of multimedia programs that train listening and writing sounds, syllables and
words of Kazakh language.
VI.2. Creation of a multimedia program to train listening and writing sentences of Kazakh
language.
VI.3.Creation of an intellectual web-system that will train using of Kazakh language dialogues in
different situations (at home, at work, on way).
VI.4. Creation of the multi-media office training programs in Kazakh language.
VI.5. Creation of the multi-media Civil Code training programs in Kazakh language.
VI.6. Creation of an intellectual civil servants training web-system in Kazakh language.
VI.7. Creation of an educational Web-portal in Kazakh language.
VII. Knowledge certification of Kazakh language
VII.1. Creation of beginning level of knowledge of Kazakh language determining intellectual
system.
VII.2. Creation of simple level of knowledge of Kazakh language determining intellectual
system.
VII.3. Creation of basic level of knowledge of Kazakh language determining intellectual system.
VII.4. Creation of middle level of knowledge of Kazakh language determining intellectual
system.
VII.5. Creation of good level of knowledge of Kazakh language determining intellectual system.
VII.6. Creation of high level of knowledge of Kazakh language determining intellectual system.
VII.7. Creation of fluent level of knowledge of Kazakh language determining intellectual system
10. Performing activities
1.To determine the type and number of sounds in Kazakh language and to approve its new Latin
alphabet. Activity must be performed before 2013.
2.To develop the 100,000 units spelling dictionary with the use of Cyrillic alphabet. There must
be no letters which indicate non-Kazakh sounds. Activity must be performed before 2013.
3.To accept a state program "Scientific, normative, technological and methodical bases of the
transformation of the Kazakh writing to the Latin alphabet". Activity must be performed before
2013.
4. The national company, in which 100% of its share capital is held by the country, must be
created in order to reach the complete and qualitative transformation of the Kazakh writing into the
Latin alphabet and efficient use of allocated funding. Activity must be performed before 2013.
Appendix a. Turkish alphabet, 1928
№
Letters
Transcription
Comparision
1
A a
/a/
'a' as in father
2
B b
/b/
'b' as in book
3
C c
/d
ʒ/
'j' as in Joke
4
Ç ç
/t
ʃ/
'ch' as in chimpanzee
5
D d
/d/
'd' as in day
6
E e
/e/, /
ɛ/
'e' as in red or 'a' as in cat
129
7
F f
/f/
'f' as in far
8
G g
/
ɡ/, /ɟ/
'g' as in game
9
Ğ ğ
/
ɣ/1
No equivalent, watch video below
10
H h
/h/
'h' as in hot
11
I ı
/
ɯ/
'e' as in open
12
İ i
/i/
'i' as in machine
13
J j
/
ʒ/
's' as in pleasure
14
K k
/k/, /c/
'k' as in kilo
15
L l
/l/, /
ɫ/
'l' as in life
16
M m
/m/
'm' as in master
17
N n
/n/
'n' as in nice
18
O o
/o/
'o' as in more
19
Ö ö
/ø/
'u' as in turn
20
P p
/p/
'p' as in spin
21
R r
/
ɾ/
the 'r' as in car
22
S s
/s/
's' as in smile
23
Ş ş
/
ʃ/
'sh' as in shine
24
T t
/t/
't' as in stop
25
U u
/u/
'u' as in ultimate
26
Ü ü
/y/
'u' as in cube
27
V v
/v/
'v' as in victory
28
Y y
/j/
'y' as in you
29
Z z
/z/
'z' as in zigzag
Appendix b. Turkmenian alphabet, 1991
№
Cyrillic
Latin
Name
Transcription
1
Аа
А а
а
/а/
2
Бб
B b
be
/b/ — /-ß-/
3
Чч
Ç ç
çe
/ç/
4
Дд
D d
de
/d/
5
Ее
E e
e
/e/
6
Әә
Ä ä
ä
/ä/
7
Фф
F f
fe
/f/
8
Гг
G g
ge
/g-/ — /-γ-/
9
Хх
H h
he
/h/
10
Ии
I i
i
/i/
11
Җҗ
J j
d
ǯe
/d
ǯ/
12
Жж
Ž ž
že
/
ǰ/ö
13
Кк
K k
ka
/q/ — /k/
14
Лл
L l
el
/l/
15
Мм
M m
em
/m/
16
Нн
N n
en
/n/
17
Ңң
Ň ň
eň
/ň/
18
Оо
O o
o
/o/
19
Өө
Ö ö
ö
/ö/
20
Пп
P p
pe
/p/
21
Рр
R r
er
/r/
22
Сс
S s
es
/θ/
23
Шш
Ş ş
şe
/ş/
24
Тт
T t
te
/t/
130
25
Уу
U u
u
/u/
26
Үү
Ü ü
ü
/ü/
27
Вв
W w
we
/w/ — /v/
28
Ыы
Y y
y
/y(ï)/
29
Йй
Ý ý
ýe
/ýe/
30
Зз
Z z
ze
/ ð/
Appendix c. Uzbek Alphabet, 1995
№
Cyrillic
Latin
Name
Transcription
1
A a
A a
а
2
B b
B b
be
3
D d
D d
de
4
E e
E e
e
5
F f
F f
ef
6
G g
G g
ge
7
H h
H h
he
8
I i
I i
i
9
J j
J j
je
10
K k
K k
ke
11
L l
L l
el
12
M m
M m
em
13
N n
N n
en
14
O o
O o
o
15
P p
P p
pe
16
Q q
Q q
qe
17
R r
R r
er
18
S s
S s
es
19
T t
T t
te
20
U u
U u
u
21
V v
V v
ve
22
X x
X x
xe
23
Y y
Y y
ye
24
Z z
Z z
ze
25
O’ o’
O’ o’
o’
26
G’ g’
G’ g’
g’e
27
Sh sh
Sh sh
she
28
Ch ch
Ch ch
che
29
’
’
apostro
f
Appendix d. Azerbaijan alphabet
№
Latin
Name
Transcription
1
A a
а
2
B b
be
3
C c
ce
4
Ç ç
çe
5
D d
de
6
E e
e
7
Ә ә
ә
131
8
F f
fe
9
G g
ge
10
Ğ ğ
ğe
11
H h
he
12
Х х
хе
13
I ı
ı
14
İ i
i
15
J j
je
16
K k
ke, ka
17
Q q
qe
18
L l
el
19
M m
em
20
N n
en
21
O o
o
22
Ö ö
ö
23
P p
pe
24
R r
er
25
S s
se
26
Ş ş
şe
27
T t
te
28
U u
u
29
Ü ü
ü
30
V v
ve
31
Y y
ye
32
Z z
ze
Appendix e. Textbooks and schoolbooks of Kazakh language
№
Authors
Title of work
Vowels, amount,
form
Consonant, amount,
form
1.
А.
Байтұрсынов
Тiл тағылымы. Алматы:
Ана тiлi, 1992. –448 б.
5 дыбыс а, е, о, у, ы
2 жарты дауысты у,
й
17 дыбыс б, г, ғ, д, ж, з, к,
қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р, с, т, ш
2.
Қ. Жұбанов
Қазақ тiлi жөнiндегi
зерттеулер.
Алматы:
Ғылым, 1966. -362 б.
7 дыбыс
а, е, о, у, ы, ұу, ый
12 дыбыс б, г, ғ, д, ж, з, к,
қ, п, с, т, ш, л, н, ң, м, у, й,
р
3.
I. Кеңесбаев
Қазақ тiл бiлiмi туралы
зерттеулер.
Алматы:
Ғылым, 1987. -352 б.
11 дыбыс монофтонг
а, ә, е, о, ө, ұ, ү, ы, і,
э,
2 дифтонг и, у
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з,
й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р, с, т,
(у), ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ш
4.
Ж. Аралбаев
Қазақ
фонетикасы
бойынша
этюдтер.
Алматы: Ғылым, 1988.-
144б
11 дыбыс монофтонг
а, ә, е, о, ө, ы, i, ұ, ү,
э
2 дифтонг и, у
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д,
ж(дж), з, й, к, қ, л, м, н,
ң, п, р, с, т, у, ф, х, һ, ц,
ч, ш
5.
М.Қараев
Қазақ тiлi.
Алматы:Ана тiлi,
1993. -216 б.
11 дыбыс монофтонг
а, е, ы, i, ә, о, ө, ұ, ү
дифтонгоид и, у
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, л, м, н, п, р, с, т,
(у), һ, ф, х, ц,ч, ш, қ, ң
6.
Н.Оралбаева,
Т.Әбдiғалиева,
Б.Шалабаев
Практикалық қазақ тiлi.
Алматы: Ана тiлi, 1993.
-272 б.
12 дыбыс а, ә, е, о, ө,
ұ, ү, ы, i, э
24 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з
132
дифтонг и, у
й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р, с,
т, ф, х, һ, ц, ч, щ
7.
С. Мырзабеков Қазақ тiлi фонетикасы.
Алматы:
Қазақ
университетi, 1993. -
136 б.
11 дыбыс а, ә, о, ө, ұ,
ү,ы, і, е, у, и
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, л, м, н, қ, ң, п, р,
с, т, у, һ, ф, х, ц, ч, ш
8.
Ғ.Әбуханов
Қазақ
тiлi.
(Пед.
училищеге
арналған
оқулық).
Алматы:
Мектеп, 1982. -284 б.
12 дыбыс а, ә, е, и, о,
ө,у, ұ, ү, ы, i, э
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р,
с, т, ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ш, щ
9.
Н.Оралбаева,
Ғ.Мадина,
А.Әбiлқаев
Қазақ тiлi. (Филология
мамандығына арналған
оқулық).
Алматы:
Мектеп,1982. -296 б.
12 дыбыс а, ә, е, и, о,
ө,у, ұ, ү, ы, і, э
26 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р,
с, т, у, ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ш, щ
10.
С.Рахметова
Қазақ
тiлiн
оқыту
методикасы
(Педагогика училище
арналған
оқулық).
Алматы:
Ана
тiлi,
1991. -184 б.
13 дыбыс а, ә, е, ë, и,
о, ө,у, ұ, ү, ы, і, э
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з,
й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р, с, т,
ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ш, щ
11.
С.М.Исаев
Қазақ тiлi. Алматы:
Қайнар,1993. -170 б.
12 дыбыс
а, ә, е, и, о, ө,
у, ұ, ү, ы, i, э
26 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р,
с, т, у, ф, х, һ,ц,ч, ш, щ
12.
С.Исаев,
К.Назарғалиева
Қазақ тiлi. (7-сыныпқа
арналған
оқулық).
Алматы: Рауан, 1997.
-192 б.
12 дыбыс
а, ә, е, о, ө,
ұ, ү, ы, i, э, и, у
26 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р,
с, т, у, ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ш,
щ
13.
Жалпы
Редакциялаған
А.Сейдiмбек
Қазақ тiлi. (әмбебап
анықтамалық) Алматы:
Болашақ балапандары,
1999. –150 б.
13 дыбыс а, ә, е, и, о,
ө,
у, ұ, ү, ы, i, ю, я
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р,
с, т, ф, х, ц, ч, ш, щ, һ
14.
И.Маманов
Қазақ тiлi. Алматы:
Мектеп, 1989. –176 б.
15 дыбыс а, ә, е, ë, и,
о, ө,у, ұ, ү, ы, і, э, ю, я
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р,
с, т, ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ш, щ
15.
Ш.Бектұров,
М.Серғалиев
Қазақ тiлi. Алматы:
Бiлiм, 1994. –224 б.
15 дыбыс монофтонг
а, ә, е, о, ө, ұ, ү, ы, i
дифтонг и, у, орыс
дыбыстары э, е, ю, я
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з,
й, к, л, м, н, ң, п, р, с, т, (у),
һ, ф, х, ц, ч, ш, щ
16.
К.Сариева
Қазақ тiлi. Оқу жаттығу
құралы. Алматы: Бiлiм,
2000. –136 б.
15 дыбыс а, ә, е, е, и,
о, ө, у, ұ, ү, ы, i, э, ю, я
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р,
133
с, т, ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ш, щ
17.
Р.Әмiров,
А.Бәкiрова
Қазақ тiлi. (1-сыныпқа
арналған
оқулық).
Алматы: Мектеп,
1990. -158 б.
15 дыбыс а, ә, е, е, и,
о, ө,у, ұ, ү, ы, i, э, ю, я
25 дыбыс б, в, г, ғ, д, ж,
з, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р,
с, т, ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ш, щ
18.
Ш.Әуелбаев,
Ә.Наурызбаева
Р.Iзғұттынова,
А.Құлжанова
Әлiппе. Алматы: Ата-
мұра,1997-160 б.
15 дыбыс
а, у, о, ы, ұ, е, i, ә, и, ө,
ү, я, ю, ë, э
25 дыбыс
б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з, й, к, қ, л,
м, н, ң, п, р, с, т,
ф, х, һ, ш, щ, ц, ч
19.
Ш.Әуелбаев,
Ә.
Наурызбаева,
Р.Ізғұттынова,
А.Құлжанова
Әліппе. Алматы: Ата-
мұра, 2002. -144 б.
15 дыбыс
а, ә, е, ё, и, о, ө, у, ұ, ү,
ы, і, э, ю, я
26 дыбыс
б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з, й, к, қ, л,
м, н, ң, п, р, с, т, у, ф, х, һ,
ц, ч, ш, щ
20.
А.Ысқақов,
К.Аханов,
Б.Кәтенбаева
Қазақ тiлi. (5-сыныпқа
арналған оқулық. 18-шi
басылым).
Алматы:
Мектеп, 1989.-192 б.
12 дыбыс
а, ә, и, е, э, о, ө,
ү, ұ, (у), ы, i
26 дыбыс
б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з, й, к, қ, л,
м, н, ң, п, р, с, т, у, ф, х,
һ, ш, щ, ц, ч
21.
Г.Қосымова,
Ж.Даулетбеков
а
Қазақ тiлi (5-сыныпқа
арналған оқулық).
Алматы: Ата-мұра,
2005.-192 б.
12 дыбыс
а, ә, е, и, о, ө,
у, ұ, ү, ы, і, э
26 дыбыс
б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з, й, к, қ, л,
м, н, ң, п, р, с, т, у, ф, х, ц,
ч, ш, щ һ, (у)
22.
С.Аманжолов,
Ә.Хасенов,
И.Ұйықбаев
Қазақ тiлi. (9-сыныпқа
арналған оқулық. 20-
басылым).
Алматы:
Рауан, 1996.-126 б.
12 дыбыс
а, ә, э, е, и, о, ө, у, ұ, ү,
ы, i
24 дыбыс
б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з, й, к, қ, л,
м,
н, ң, п, р, с, т, ф, х, һ, ш,
ц, ч
Here you can see that in the last four books during passing to the older grades the number of
Kazakh language vowels reduces: in one ABC book for 1th grade pupils there are 15 vowels + 25
consonants = 40 sounds, in the next 15 vowels + 26 consonants = 41 sounds, in the book for 5
th
grade 12 vowels + 26 consonants = 38 sounds, and in the schoolbook for 9
th
grade pupils there are
12 vowels and 24 consonants = 36 sounds
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