Пользовательская подсистема генератора ЭУИ
Для просмотра готовых ЭУИ, разработанных тьюторами на сайте генератора ЭУИ,
необходимо зарегистрироваться как «обучающийся». Появиться список ЭУИ.
При нажатии на наименовании ЭУИ откроется титульная страница ЭУИ, на которой
отражается информация об авторах, аннотация, оглавление, помощь.
Для начала использования ЭУИ необходимо нажать «Mazmuny» (Содержание).
Откроется форма позволяющее обучаемому выбрать режим работы.
Рисунок 6. Выбор режима работы
Первый режим просмотра (QARAW REXIMI). В этом режиме обучающая программа
обеспечивает просмотр только учебного материала. При этом нет доступа к заданиям,
вопросам, тестам, анимациям.
Второй режим тестирования (TESTILEW REXIMI). В этом режиме обучающая программа
обеспечивает тестирование по всему объему учебного материала. При этом после
тестирования можно получить информацию о результате тестирования.
Третий режим начала обучения (OQJTUDJ BASTAW REXIMI). Режим начала обучения
позволяет сформировать траекторию обучения тремя способами: ручным, тестовым или
полным выбором (рисунок 7).
Четвертый режим продолжения обучения (OQJTVDJ XALFASTJRUW REXIMI). В этом
режиме обучающая программа обеспечивает продолжение обучения по выбранной
траектории. При этом процесс обучения начинается со следующего урока после прерывания.
Рисунок 7. Выбор траектории обучения
120
При ручном выборе (QOLMEN TAHDAW) траектория определяется обучаемым
самостоятельно путем отметки номеров модулей, блоков, уроков.
При тестовом выборе (TESTILIK TAHDAW) траектория определяется автоматически по
результатам тестирования по всему объему учебного материала. В этом случае в траекторию
обучения включаются только те уроки, по вопросам которых были получены недостаточное
количество правильных ответов.
При полном выборе (TOLJQ TAHDAW) в траекторию включается весь объем учебного
материала данной дисциплины, включая все уроки, модули и блоки.
После определения траектории пользователь переходит непосредственно к обучению
текущего урока (рисунок 8).
Рисунок 8. Изучение текущего урока
Для перехода к изучению следующего урока необходимо правильно ответить на тестовые
вопросы текущего урока. В случае недостаточного количества правильных ответов на тесты
(<75%), обучаемый не сможет перейти к следующему уроку в траектории и будет
продолжать изучение текущего урока.
Контролирующая подсистема генератора ЭУИ
При входе в систему под администратором предоставляется список всех ЭУИ.
Если формирование ЭУИ уже завершено, справа от наименования будет находится ссылка
«XARYJALAW» («ОПУБЛИКОВАТЬ») (рисунок 9).
Рисунок 9. Форма опубликования ЭУИ
121
При нажатии на ссылку «XARYJALAW», ЭУИ станет доступен для просмотра
обучающимся. Ссылка «XARYJALAW» будет заменена на строку «XARYJALANFAN»
(«ОПУБЛИКОВАНО»).
4 Разработана база обучающих анимационных роликов для обучения казахскому языку на
латинице по различной тематике (рисунок 10).
Рисунок 10. Обучающие анимационные ролики.
Заключение
Разработанные конвертер, генератор ЭУИ, обучающие анимационные ролики
предназначены для облегчения процесса перехода казахской письменности с кириллицы на
латиницу.
A.A.SHARIPBAY, K.ANUARBEKOV
L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University,
Scientific-Research Institute “Artificial intelligence”
CONVERSION OF KAZAKH WRITING INTO LATIN ALPHABET PROJECT
Annotation
The project proposes conversion of Kazakh language writing into Latin alphabet, which alows
working with various types of computers and communication devices more effectively.
Voice system of Kazakh language and frequency of letters and letter combinations in a text body,
which consists of 100 million letters of current Cyrillic alphabet, were investigated to support the
project.
1. Introduction
President N. A. Nazarbayev in his message to the people of Kazakhstan from 14.12.2012 said:
"We need to start conversion of our alphabet to Latin alphabet starting from the year of 2025. It
is a principled issue that nation must solve. For the sake of the future of our children we must make
this decision and it will provide conditions for our integration in the world and for more effective
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study of English language and language of the Internet by our children, but the most important
thing is that it will give a push to modernisation of Kazakh language. We must modernise and
develop Kazakh language. It is necessary to make the language modern, to search for a consensus
in the questions of terminology, once and for all to solve a question about translating of established
international and foreign words into Kazakh language. This issue must not be solved by the group
of the separate personalities. The Government should take care of it".
In many countries there is a discussion that in the epoch of globalization global informative
space must have a single alphabet and all informational resources must be created with the use of
the classic Latin alphabet. Our proposal directly relates to this issue. Because all computers and
telephones, produced all over the world, initially support and will support the classic Latin alphabet,
used in English language. If another national language has even one letter which differs from the
classic Latin alphabet, then there is a need to create additional fonts, drivers, sorting and searching
programs in order to work on these devices with this alphabet. It also requires a lot of labor and
financial expenses.
2. Classic Latin alphabet and methods of adaptation
The classic Roman alphabet consists of 26 letters: Аa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll,
Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz. It is the basis of the writing of Romanic,
Germanic and many other languages.
In the process of its adaptation to the phonetic systems of some languages there was a problem of
indication of sounds which had no corresponding letters in the Latin alphabet. There are the
following methods of adaptation:
1. Addition of the new letters to the alphabet, for example: ŋ, ç, ş.
2. The use of diacritical marks, for example: á, ä, ğ.
3. The use of negative diacritics, such as the Turkish I (« ы» sound in Kazakh language) –
without a point i.
4. The use of a number of letters to write one sound (examples: “ sh” in english, “ sch” in
german to indicate the Kazakh sound « ш», “ ch” in English and “ tsch” in German to indicate the
Kazakh sound « ч», etc.).
5. The use of a number of letters and diacritical mark to indicate one sound, for example, “ c'h”
in modern Breton is « x» in Kazakh.
6. Change of the value of one or more letters, for example letter “ x” indicates:
1)
Kazakh sound « ш» in Portugal;
2)
Kazakh sound « ы» In Polish.
3. The experience of the Turkic-speaking countries
Before discussing application of these methods to the conversion of Kazakh writing to the Latin
alphabet, we will consider the experience of Turkic-speaking countries (Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan) which already use Latin alphabet.
The Turkish alphabet, which was accepted in 1928, consists of 29 letters and its 6 letters ( ğ, ü, ş,
ı, ö, ç) are not in the classic Latin alphabet. The Turkmenian alphabet, which has changed several
times in 1990s, had 30 letters, and 8 of them ( ç, ä, ž, ň, ö, ş, ü, ẏ) were not in the classic Latin
alphabet. The Uzbek alphabet in 1993 had 6 letters out of the classic Latin alphabet. They were ç, ş,
ğ, ö, ñ and ɉ. Later, in 1995, they were removed from the alphabet and orthographic rules were
rewritten: the previous letters were substituted to ch, sh, g’, o’, ng and j respectively. Aksant aigues
(apostrophe) ' before the sign is presented in this way ‘, and after a sign it is written as ’, for
example, ‘alphabet - алфавит - әліпби ’. The Azerbaijan alphabet of the year of 2004 consists of 32
letters, 8 letters in it ( ç, ә, ğ, ı, İ, ö, ş, ü) are not in the classic Latin alphabet.
Among these alphabets only the alphabet of the Uzbek language does not require additional
fonts, drivers, sorting and searching program utilities to work with computers and telephones.
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4. Stages and problems of Kazakh language writing
The writings of Kazakh language come from ancient Turkic rune inscriptions. Arabic alphabet in
Turkic languages began being used since the second half of the VIII century. It came together with
the Islam.
In the XX century Kazakh language alphabet had changed three times. In 1912 the great Kazakh
enlightener Akhmet Baytursynov worked with the voice system of Kazakh language and on the
basis of the Arabic graphics he created a new alphabet of 28 letters and defined the rules of direct
writing. This alphabet was used in our country till 1929. Kazakhs, who live in other countries, (for
example, Afghanistan, Iran, China, Pakistan) still use this alphabet.
In 1929 the Kazakh language writing passed to 29 letter alphabet, based on the Latin graphic.
The new sound " хы" was added and it was indicated by the Latin letter h.
In 1940 the Kazakh writing passed to 42 letter alphabet, based on the Cyrillic graphic. To
indicate specific Kazakh sounds 9 letters ( ә, ғ, қ, ң, ө, ұ, ү, һ), which are out of Cyrillic alphabet,
were added to the 33 letters of Russian language alphabet.
The last reform was carried out without taking into account the phonetic features of Kazakh
language: the sounds of Russian language were unnecessary added. Some extra letters for their
indication were included in Kazakh alphabet ( в, ё, и, ц, щ, ф, э, ю, я, ь, ъ). The new requirements
in the Kazakh orthography (spelling rules), and a pronunciation (pronunciation rules) appeared. In
Kazakh language spelling and pronunciation of borrowed words from Russian must be in
accordance with the rules of Russian language. Some believe that such innovation develops Kazakh
language (imagine that English sounds are added to Russian language and to indicate them the
appropriate letters are included in the Russian alphabet and make Russian speaking people write
and pronounce borrowed English words in the Russian language in accordance with the norms of
the English language. Does it “develop” Russian language?). Many contradictions in orthography
and orthoepy appeared as a result of this "development" of the Kazakh language. Language has
become deformed. It started losing its internal unity and sounding. The Russian accent appeared in
Kazakh speech. Textbooks and scientific works devoted to Kazakh language are contradictory to
each other and still are published.
( Appendix A contains only Kazakh language schoolbooks and Kazakh language textbooks
where the voice system of Kazakh language is given differently).
Let’s have a look at the use of the Russian vowel sounds embedded into Kazakh language " и"
and " у" in order to show appeared contradictions in Kazakh language. For example, in a modern
writing such words as "би, "ми", "бу", "су" end with the sounds " и" and " у". In the third
person attractive completion form we write "би+i", "ми+ы", "бу+ы", "су+ы". This is contrary
with the rule: "In Kazakh language in the third person " i" or " ы" attractive endings are attached to
words which end with the consonants, and " сi" or " сы" are attached to the words which end with
vowels. If in Kazakh language sounds " и" and " у" will be considered as consonants, then in words
" би", " ми", " бу", " су", " ту" there will not be any syllable. And we have 2 questions from that:
1.
“Are the rules about endings correct in Kazakh language?”
2.
“Are there any words without syllables in Kazakh?”
To make these rules correct these words must be rewritten with the use of Kazakh sounds: "бій",
"мый", "бұу", "сұу", "тұу".
In such a state Kazakh language does not develop as the official language of Republic of
Kazakhstan. This state destroys Kazakh language. So there is no doubt that new reform in Kazakh
language is needed. If the process of reform will not start now, Kazakh language will transform in
some kind of hybrid language and lose its natural features.
Necessity of the realization of reform on the basis of the voice system of Kazakh language by
transformation to Latin alphabet, which makes it easy to use and create information technologies
effectively, is obvious. During its realization it is necessary to renew orthographic, orthoepic,
morphological, syntactic rules and to work out technologies for processing them in a computer and
prepare schoolbooks and textbooks for all education levels.
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5. Sound system of Kazakh language
There are 28 native sounds in Kazakh language: 9 of them are vowels and 19 are consonants. In
1929 during reform the new vowel "хы" was added and we had 29 sounds. In the alphabet used
nowadays they are determined as follows: а, ә, е, о, ө, ұ, ү, ы, і - vowels; б, ғ, г, д, ж, з, й, қ, к, л,
м, н, ң, п, р, с, т, у, ш, һ consonants (а, о, ұ, ы, е are phonemes, and ә, ө, ү, і – their allophones;
ғ-г and қ-к are types of consonance of one phoneme). And in 1940 during reform 11 sounds of
Russian language were added to Kazakh language. In the applied alphabet they are indicated by в,
ё, и, ц, ч, щ, ф, х, э, ю, я. Let’s take a closer look at the sounds в, х and ф, which do not violate
phonetic patterns of Kazakh language. First of them is widely used in writing of the last name of a
person. In spite of the fact that at writing of the last name of all Kazakhs in Kazakh language
(without using the sound в) a problem of the correct writing of the last names of representatives of
other nationalities in official documents in official language still takes place. Besides, if we take
into account importance of numerous terms, such as «валюта, вакуум, вакцина, вариант, ватт,
вектор, вексель, вето, викторина, вирус, виртуал, вице, вокал, вольт, хадис, хаки, халат,
хаос, химия, хлор, хор, хром, хроника, хрусталь, хунта, факт, факультет, фаза, файл,
фауна, федерация, фельетон, физика, филармония, фильм, фонетика, формула, форфор,
фосфор, фотон, фракция, функция», it is better to leave embedded sounds в, х, ф in the structure
of the voice system of Kazakh language. Kazakh language will not suffer from this; on the contrary,
these sounds will help to pronounce the international terms correctly. Thus, we can assume that
there will be 31 sounds in the sound system of the Kazakh language. These are: а, ә, б, в, ғ, г, д, ж,
з, е, й, к, қ, л, м, н, ң, о, ө, п, р, с, т, у, ұ, ү, ф, х, ш, ы, і.
6. Criterion of determination of Kazakh alphabet
In accordance with the status of official language the electronic resources, created in the country,
must be in Kazakh language. Creation of informative resources is a process that requires a lot of
finances and work, so their creation with the use of 26 letter classic Latin alphabet, which all the
keyboards of all the computers have, will be more effective. Because in order to create electronic
resources in other national alphabets we need to create additional fonts, drivers, sorting and
searching programs, which do not develop without additional financial expenses.
Considering all these arguments it is possible to offer the following criterion of convertion of
Kazakh alphabet to Latin alphabet:
1. New alphabet should be developed only on the basis of a sound system of Kazakh
language. This requires Russian language sounds which conflict with the phonetics of Kazakh
language to be removed.
2. New alphabet must use only the classical Latin alphabet letters, which are available in a
standard computer keyboard. It will make written communication in Kazakh language by
computer and telephone much easier without setting fonts, drivers, software, sorting and searching
programs.
3. New alphabet will change the values of some Latin letters to identify some sounds of
Kazakh language. This requires some Latin letters to be voiced in Kazakh and in this way they
will be treated as the letters of Kazakh alphabet.
4. To indicate some Kazakh language sounds Latin letter combinations will be used.This is
required because of lack of some Latin letters to indicate some of Kazakh Latin sounds. The
combinations of letters, which do not appear together in the simple Kazakh word, must be used and
the appropriate spelling rules must be developed.
5. New alphabet will have the sequence of the letters, which is fully identical to the
sequence of letters in a classic alphabet. Sorting and searching programs, which are available in
all system programs, can be used in the creation or use of information resources in Kazakh language
without any damage and delay.
7. Tasks at the construction of new alphabet
Let’s have a look at the indication of Kazakh sounds with the letters of classical alphabet in
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accordance with the above criteria. We have 26 letters in the classical Latin alphabet and 31 sounds
in Kazakh language ( 28 natural sounds, 3 embedded sounds). Therefore to determine the alphabet,
which does not extend the length of Kazakh words, we should solve following three tasks:
1) Identify the sounds indicated only by a single letter;
2) determine the sounds, indicated by the letter combnations;
3) Identify the specific pair combinations.
In order to solve these problems, we have investigated Kazakh sound system using a computer
and have analyzed the types and properties of sounds. By constructing mathematical models of
vowel sounds we proved that phonemes and their allophones have the following relationship:
а+е=ә, о+е=ө, ұ+е=ү, ы+е=і (Mathematical model and oscillograms of vowel sounds of the
Kazakh language are given in the Appendixes b.a and b.b). These relationships show that two letter
combinations can be used to indicate allophones. Such a method is also used in other languages. For
example, in English the sound ш is indicated by a combination of letters s and h. In addition, we
have built a body of Kazakh language, which contains 100 million letters of our current alphabet
and done a research about the frequency of letters and letter combinations with the help of computer
programs (The frequencies of letters in the text body of Kazakh language are given in Appendix c).
The results of these studies were needed to determine which letter and which letter
combination can efficiently indicate sound (not extending the length of the words). The results also,
before the conversion of Kazakh writing to the new alphabet, will help to create a new spelling
dictionary without the letters ё, и, ц, ч, щ, ь, ъ, э, ю, я, which will be excluded from the current
alphabet (Appendix d shows examples of terms written in only Kazakh letters of the current
alphabet).
8. Construction of the new Kazakh alphabet
Indication of Kazakh vowels а, о, е, ы by Latin letters a, o, e, y, and of consonants б, г, д, з, л,
м, н, п, р, с, т by Latin letters b, g , d, z, l, m, n, p, r, s, t does not cause any problem.
Among the unmarked allophones ә, ө, і sound frequency of sound i is the highest and this sound,
while participating in suffixes and endings, may occur in a speech several times (for example, in the
word ‘бiлiктiлiктің' there are 5 i sounds). Therefore, despite the fact that this sound is an allophone,
it will be indicated by a Latin letter i. And allophones ә and ө do not meet often and they do not
participate in any suffixes and endings, i.e. they are used only in root words and do not participate
in the composition of the derivative words. If we will identify them by letter combinations, writings
of the words will not be too long. As a first combination pair let’s take a Latin letters a and o, which
indicate phonemes a and o, which are similar with ә and ө in soundings. As the second pair
combination let’s take Latin letter e, which indicates the intermediate phoneme from the
relationship a + e = ә and o + e = ө, i.e. ә and ө allophones will be marked by the ae and oe Latin
letter combinations respectively.
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