PARTICIPATION ACTIVITY IN LITHUANIA.
Zilinskas G. - Dr., assoc. Professor, Kaunas University of Technology,
Lithuania, Kaunas
Petrauskiene R. - Dr., assoc. Professor, Kaunas University of Technology,
Lithuania, Kaunas
gintaras.zilinskas@ktu.lt
ruta.petrauskiene@ktu.lt
Abstract. The aim of the article is to identify the impact of internet penetration on political
participation activity in Lithuania. The authors analysed tendencies of internet penetration and
activity of citizens` participation in election. Furthermore, causal relations between political
participation in elections which happened from 2007 to 2014 and factors of internet penetration
were analyzed in this article. According to this study the authors found a relation between activity
of voters in the before mentioned elections and factors of internet penetration. There were not
identified statistically significant differences between counties where the most part of the
population are from rural areas and those, where prevailed urban population. The regular usage of
internet has impact on voters` activity in the rarest settled counties. It was identified that individuals
who use the internet more frequently find information about elections in websites. The hypothesis
was raised that this information encourages them to participate in elections more actively.
Key words: political participation, internet penetration, activeness of voters, election.
Introduction. Political participation is considered as one of the main topics
while talking about contemporary representative democracies. Different measures are
applied for political participation in modern democratic countries. One of them is
information and communication technologies (ICT). It is related with e-participation,
e-voting possibilities development. While applying ICTs citizens can better inform
representatives of authority on their interests and needs, put pressure trying to get
response to their opinion, find information about political parties, offer their opinion
during elections, etc.
The surveys of citizens‘ participation are noticeably developed in Western
democracies during last few years. Plenty of articles can be found where phenomenon
of citizens participation is examined, its typologies are presented, and which analyses
the shift of citizens` participation forms. The issues of e-democracy, e-participation,
e-voting are analyzed widely in scientific literature and they are directly related with
the rapid ICT development. But there is a lack of deeper surveys about influence of
internet on political participation activity. Considering this the authors of article
formulate the aim - to identify the impact of internet penetration on political
participation activity in Lithuania. The concept of political participation is analyzed,
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the internet penetration and the activity of voters in Lithuania`s is surveyed
considering the rural and urban population, and the relations between voters‘ activity
and internet penetration are identified in this article. The attention is given to impact
of internet on voters` activity. The methods applied are: analysis of scientific
literature, comparative analysis, logical analysis, correlation and linear regression
analysis.
The concept of political participation. The institutionalized methods of
citizens` political participation in decision-making process distinguish democracy
from other political systems [3]. D. Held points out principles of democratic system
which prevalence would determine political life as one of the most important part of
citizens living: effective participation, conscious understanding, and equality of
voting in critical moment, control of agenda, engagement [4]. Institutions of
authorities should assure possibilities of citizens` participation in order to practically
implement these principles of democracy. H. J. Abs and R. Veldhuis presented
classification of participation conceptions the basis of which is active citizenship.
With reference to four dimensions of citizenship (political, economic, social and
civic) they point out four conceptions of participation: political participation, social
participation, cultural participation and economic participation [1].
Political participation is identified with a common participation in elections.
On the basis of democracy principles citizens have to control those who are making
decisions; the main way of this control – society`s possibility to elect political elite
during competitive elections periodically [2].
The Internet has had a huge impact on both the way in which people connect
with each other and the way that they gather and share information [3]. It allows
communication with little regard for geographical boundaries (so long as those places
have Internet access), and significantly reduces the obstacles to communication
presented by time and language restraints [13]. Just like other countries, Lithuania is
confronted with a big challenge – ICT development and its impact on democracy and
participation [8]. As such, the terms of ―e-democracy‖, ―e-voting‖ etc., provide new
forms of participation, new possibilities of information spread, new possibilities for
communication with political elite and representatives of public administration
institutions.
Materials and methods. This study is based on secondary statistical data and
summary and interpretation of the results of scientific research about internet impact
on voters‗ activity. Regional statistics about ICT from Statistics Lithuania and data
about voters‗ activity from the Central Electoral Commission of the Republic of
Lithuania (CEC) are the main sources of this study. From 2005 to 2014 regional
statistics about household with internet and persons, who used internet daily or at
least once per week were used in order to analyze internet penetration in Lithuanian
counties [6]. Analysis of citizens‗ activity in elections is based on the CEC data about
voters‗ activity in the Local Government Councils` election in 2007 and 2011, the
Parliament (Seimas) election in 2008 and 2012 and the President election in 2009 and
2014 [5].
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The authors used comparative analysis method to analyse data and scientific
articles. Quantitative and holistic approach was applied in order to find essential
quantitative relations. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences (SPSS 13) and Excel 2003. Relations between internet
penetration and voters‗ activity were investigated using Pearson correlation
coefficient and linear regression analysis. Two indexes which show internet
penetration were used in this analysis: a) household with internet access (HIA) and b)
persons, who used internet daily or at least once per week (PUI). Causative relations
between these indexes and voters‗ activity were analyzed in six elections. Moreover,
the analysis was performed according to the type of election and county. A p value of
≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results. Correlation analysis showed (Figures 1 and 2) that voters‗ activity was
significantly related with both indexes of internet penetration – HIA and PUI
(p≤0.05) in all elections during 2007–2014 (N=6) and the Parliament election
separately (N=2). This correlation was especially significant in three cases (p≤0.01).
All these correlations were positive.
Relation between voters‗ activity and PUI is significantly more stronger than
relation between voters‗ activity and HIA in the Parliament election. Individuals who
use the internet more frequently find information about elections in websites. The
authors can hypothesize that this information encourages them to participate in
elections more actively.
Source: authors’ calculations based on the Statistics Lithuania data
Figure 1. Analysis of correlation between voters‗ activity and indexes of
internet penetration in the Parliament elections of 2008 and 2012 (Pearson
coefficient)
This study shows weak positive correlation between voters‗ activity and PUI
and HAI in elections which happened between year 2007 and 2014 (Figure 2). These
findings suggest that higher number of persons who use internet and household with
internet access increased voters‗ activity in the above mentioned elections and
Parliament election separately. However, according to this study, voters‗ activity in
r=0,47, p≤0.05
r=0.60, p≤0.01
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the President election and Local Government Councils election is not related to
indexes of internet penetration.
Source: authors’ calculations based on the Statistics Lithuania data
Figure 2. Analysis of correlation between voters‘ activity and indexes of
internet penetration in elections between year 2007 and 2014 (Pearson coefficient)
After analysis of correlations between voters‗ activity and indexes of internet
penetration according to different counties, the authors found only two statistically
significant correlations (Table 1). Voters‗ activity is related to PUI only in Alytaus
and Utenos counties. This correlation is significant and strong. However, correlations
between voters ‗activity and indexes of internet penetration in other counties were not
statistically significant.
r=0.43, p≤0.01
r=0.40, p≤0.01
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Table 1. Analysis of correlation between voters‗ activity and indexes of
internet penetration in elections between year 2007 and 2014 (Pearson coefficient)
N
o.
Counties
HIA
PUI
1
.
Vilnius
0.44
0.64
2
.
Klaipeda
0.39
0.39
3
.
Kaunas
0.53
0.54
4
.
Panevezys
0.52
0.40
5
.
Telsiai
0.64
0.51
6
.
Siauliai
0.72
0.60
7
.
Utena
0.46
0.87
*
8
.
Alytus
0.69
0.84
*
9
.
Marijampole
0.69
0.44
1
0.
Taurage
0.71
0.79
*
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.
**
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
Source: authors’ calculations based on the Statistics Lithuania data
Linear regression analysis was performed to find if internet penetration had
impact on voters ‗activity. Voters ‗activity was chosen as dependent variable. HIA
and PUI were independent variables. According to the linear regression analysis, HIA
and PUI did not affect voters ‗activity in any of election. However, higher UI had
significant impact on voters ‗activity in Alytaus county (β=0.93, p≤0.05). Significant
relations were not found in other counties.
Discussion. This study analyzed relation between voters‗ activity and indexes
of internet penetration (HIA and PUI) and proved the impact of internet on voters‗
activity, which is the main finding. Results showed that HIA and PUI had significant
affect on voters‘ activity in Lithuanian elections between year 2007 and 2014,
especially in the Parliament election. Research argues about impact of internet on
political participation: some of them state that internet use decreases political
responsibility while others maintain the idea that internet increases political
participation [7; 9; 10; 11].
Authors‘ study agrees with H. Schmitt‗s and W. Lusoli‗s studies results, which
show that internet has mobilizing affect on voters‗ activity. Both scientists analyzed
impact of internet in the European Parliament elections. H. Schmitt investigated the
role of internet use in receiving the pre-electoral information of the 1999 European
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Parliament election and concluded that internet users take part in elections more
actively than individuals who are not using it despite the causal structure [9].
Analysis about internet has mobilizing affect on voters‗ activity. Both scientists
analyzed impact of internet in the European Union citizens‗ internet use in finding the
information about internet has mobilizing affect on voters‗ activity. Both scientists
analyzed impact of internet in the 2004 European Parliament election showed that
internet goes hand-in-hand with citizen-centred campaigns, where the individual
takes a more active role in information gathering, in taking part to political discussion
and in attending public electoral events [7]. Authors‘ findings are in agreement with
D. E. Sylvester‗s and A. J. McGlynn‗s study, where they show that people who used
internet more often in their homes were more likely to contact the government
whether by phone, e-mail, or letter. For example, the probability of political
participation through letter writing or phone calls is increased by 15–17% for
someone who uses internet at home multiple times per week as compared to someone
who does not use internet at home. Moreover, the probability of sending an e-mail to
government rises by 35% for the same change in the frequency of internet use at
home. These results demonstrate that individuals who do not use internet at home
whether because of inadequate knowledge or lack of access are less likely to be
politically active and this has significant and negative consequences for political
participation [10].
However, J. W. Stanley and Ch. Weare present the opposite results. According
to their studies, internet has a lacking impact on democratic participation. Findings
that internet access does not mobilize individuals politically, suggests that many of
the web-discussion participants were already politically active and were attracted by
the opportunity to exercise their political voice in another areas. So the affect of
internet access on mobilizing non-active individuals is hardly probable [11]. Though
the authors found the significant relation between voters‗ activity and HIA and PUI,
this relation is weak. Indexes of internet access and usage increased rapidly in
Lithuania, whereas voters‘ activity significantly decreased. Rapid internet penetration
had very small impact on voters‗ activity.
Results of this study show that PUI has very strong impact on voters‘ activity
only in Alytaus and Utenos counties. It is interesting that PUI indexes are the lowest
in these counties. Moreover, these counties do not distinguish from others according
to voters‘ activity. On the contrary, relation between PUI and voters‘ activity was not
fond in counties, which are leaders according to the PUI indexes. This confirms the
results of studies which present controversial data about impact of internet use on
voters‘ activity. There is the need to perform the more comprehensive studies in order
to find these differences between counties.
Statistically significant differences were not found between counties with
higher number of rural population (Taurage and Marijampole) and counties with
urban population. Though major part of the population of Utena and Alytus consists
of urban inhabitants these territories are rarely settled. Population density is internet
has mobilizing affect on voters‗activity. Both scientists analyzed impact of internet in
the lowest in Utenos County (19.8 people per km2) and population density in Alytaus
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county is in the third place (27.6 people per km2) of all counties. Correlation between
voters‗activity and UI is observed in these counties. Moreover, UI has impact on
voters‗activity in Alytaus County. The authors can hypothesize that active internet
users from these counties get information about elections in websites easier and with
less expense. Thereby this has impact on their participation in elections.
No electronic vote is available in Lithuania at this time. Despite this fact,
internet is efficient device which helps individuals easily and voluntarily participate
in Lithuanian elections. Moreover, it helps in choosing different ways of political
participation with small financial and time input.
Firstly, the only one role of internet in elections was to provide access to the
various information sources, especially to the websites of political parties. Nowadays
a person who has open internet access at home or at work can create a diary, write a
comment about elections in social networks or micro-websites, show his/her support
by videos, pictures, photos or uploaded status, join the election campaign by creating
views or sharing them.
Broadband internet connection access should be expanded in the areas which
do not have this connection. This could support the use of internet abilities to increase
voters‗activity. It is also important to explain advantages of internet for people, to
show how internet can help solve their problems, contact with national institutions,
political parties and non-governmental organisations and get the information from
them. This could defeat their hostility. Moreover, people should get financial support
and training service. However, the very important factor, which has the impact on
application of internet and other modern technologies in mobilizations of voters, is
national institutions, political parties and non-governmental organisations intention
and ability to adapt to the forms of communication, collaboration, information and
mobilization and to apply them in the conditions of electronic democracy. Firstly,
these organisations should actively use internet and its opportunities to contact and
communicate with electors and to mobilize them for the political activity.
Statistical analysis of data let to find only the main general tendencies of
relations between internet usage and voters‗activity and this conditioned the
restriction of this study. The main restriction is related to the lack of data, especially
about internet penetration according counties. Statistics Lithuania began to publish
data about household with internet access and persons, who used internet daily or at
least once per week according to the counties from 2005. Because of this reason the
article analyzes voters‗activity only from 2007.This study is important primary
contribution to solution of this problem. However, further research which should
analyse activity level, participation forms and content of different groups of voters,
would increase probability to evaluate impact of internet on voters‘ activity more
accurately.
CONCLUSIONS
1.
Political participation refers to activity by ordinary citizens that has an
intent or power to influence political decision making. Rapidly increasing internet
penetration has a significant impact on broadening political participation by lowering
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the cost of involvement, creating new mechanisms for organizing groups and opening
up new channels of information.
2.
The authors found a relation between voters` activity in the elections
between year 2007 and 2014 and households with internet access and people who
used internet daily. The relation is observed only in the Parliament elections. There
were no statistically significant differences found between counties where the most
part of the population are from rural areas and those, where prevailed urban
population. But the regular usage of internet has impact on voters` activity in the
rarest settled counties.
3.
The authorities in Lithuania cooperating with telecommunication
companies have to develop further internet access and to provide flexible training
services for the persons who are digitally excluded. The forms of electronic
democracy should be actively applied by authorities, political parties and non-
governmental organizations. These efforts will create wider possibilities for political
participation, and voters will have access to plenty of information on internet.
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