Experiment
The objects of study are the oil and diesel fraction of oil of "Zhanazhol" oilfield.
The studies were conducted on attorneys appliances and devices in certified (03/2013)
accredited testing laboratory (certificate №KZ.I.02.1572) research and comprehensive analysis
of fuels and refined products SRI NCTM, Institute of Chemical Engineering at the Polytechnic
University of Valencia (Spain) and chemical faculty of the University of Malaga (Spain).
The elemental analysis was performed using a Elementar Vario EL III. The device AVR-
LAB-02 was used to determine the composition of oil fractions in accordance with GOST 2177-
99, ISO 3405, ASTM D 86 (LOIP, Russia). Determination of sulfur in the diesel fuel
composition made according to GOST R 51947-2002, ASTM D 4294-98 on the unit Spectroscan
S. To determine the cell and used thermal paper. According to ISO 9001 definition of the cloud
point, pour point and limit point of diesel fuel carried on the unit OPLCM "CRYSTAL" (OOO
"SHATOKS", Russia).
According to GOST 27768-88 determination of cetane index of
diesel fuel by calculation based on the density of the liquid and the boiling point of a 50%
fraction in accordance with GOST 2177-82. Determination of fractional composition of diesel
fuel throughout the work was carried out on the unit AVR-LAB-02.
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
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Ozonization of diesel is carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in a
laboratory grade "OZGVK-01B" within the range of feed flow 0.125-0.5 ml/min during 30-90
min.
Sonication was performed on the complex of laboratory ultrasonic wave MLUK-3 at 22
kHz, 30% power for 5 minutes.
The hydrotreating of oil and oil products been carried out in the catalyst "duck" served as
reaction vessel with a volume of 100 ml, equipped with a water jacket for maintaining the
temperature constant. The constant temperature (25°C) was maintained during the experiment by
means of U-8 thermostat. Hydrogenation was carried out electrolytic hydrogen which was
obtained bi-distilled water electrolysis hydrogen generator with a capacity of 8 liters/h of
hydrogen purity of 99.999%. The electric generator is powered by an AC voltage 115-230 V, 60-
150 Hz frequency.
Results and discussion
The most common method of desulfurization of fossil fuels is hydrodesulfurization, in
which the fossil fuel is reacted with gaseous hydrogen at elevated temperature and high pressure
in the presence of a costly catalyst.
In the area of nonconventional desulfurization processes of oil and petroleum products
are held active researches. In this regard, a relevant study alternative methods of desulfurization
(ozonation, ultrasound, biobacterias, etc), relevant to the process under milder conditions and
with the use of cheaper equipment, that costs 50% cheaper than the cost of classical
hydrotreating equipment.
In this regard, a study was conducted of ultrasound and ozone impact on the process of
desulfurization of crude oil and petroleum products of “Zhanazhol” oilfield.
Ozone treatment was carried out on oil ozonizer OZGVK-01V at a rate of supply of ozone-
air mixture of 0.25 ml/min, as well as the impact of ultrasonic waves in oil was performed by
placing a sample of 80 ml of oil into a multifunctional ultrasonic laboratory complex MLUK
3/22 AL (U-Sonic Russia), and treatment with a wave frequency of 22 kHz (30% power) at
techenii5 min. at room temperature in the presence of a catalyst (0.2% of oil) and an oxidant
(ozone-air mixture), followed by removal of the cleaned part oil. The results of these
experiments are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - Influence of sonication and ozonation oil field of the “Zhanazhol” oilfield
Parameters
Oil
Initial
Оzone(0,25
ml/min,
30
min)
5 min US (22 kHz,
80Wt, 30%)
US+Ozone
Density 20
0
С,kg/m
3
817,2
946,7
948
956,8
Kinematic viscosity
at 20
0
С, cSt
8,7
11,8
11,4
11,9
Congelation
temperature,
0
С
-41
-39
-35
-34
Volume, % mаss.
Sulfur
2,65
2,05
1,89
1,645
Fractional output , % mаss.
Up to 200
0
С
15,6
17,9
19,2
21,9
Up to 350
0
С
47,7
50,1
53,4
58,6
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
330
As a result of the experiment (Table 1) shows that after the ultrasound treatment and
ozonization density and kinematic viscosity of the oil is increased relative to the initial oil, while
the sulfur content is significantly reduced to 2.65 mass.% of the original oil mass to 2.05 mass.%
after ozonation and 1.89 mass.% after ultrasonic treatment, and under the combined action of
ultrasound and ozone - to 1.645 mass.%. Also significantly increased yield of the fractions under
the combined action of ultrasound and ozone in comparison with the original oil: fraction to
200
0
C - from 15.6 mass.% to 21.9 mass.% and a fraction to 350
0
C - from 47.7 to 58.6 mass.% by
mass. %, respectively. Thus joint sonication of oil and ozone is the most optimal method of
desulfurization of petroleum of “Zhanazhol” oilfield.
Preliminary experiments showed that a promising way of sulfur from petroleum refining is
a periodic processing speed in the ultrasonic field in the presence of a catalyst and an oxidant
(ozone-air mixture, 0.125 ml/min) followed by removal of part of the purified oil. In the absence
of ultrasonic treatment of the catalyst does not significantly reduce the sulfur content in the oil.
According to [3], the number of treatment cycles should be at least four, and then the removal
efficiency of sulfur from petroleum reduced further and post-treatment is necessary for
regeneration of the catalyst to carry out in an aqueous medium under the action of ultrasound. In
our case after two of such treatment cycles in the presence of Ni-skeletal catalyst sulfur content
of oil declined by 62%, and after ultrasonic treatment was observed separation of the treated oil
into four layers: an aqueous phase, purified oil, water and carbon emulsion and the catalyst. The
catalyst is a solid material in the lower layer with minor amounts of oil and water.
Literature data suggest that the water content in the combined hydrocarbon phase is
comparable to the water content in the feed oil. In the process of removing sulfur basis of
organic compounds of oil as a result of exposure to ultrasound in the presence of catalyst and
oxidant it is believed that the amphiphilic molecules are oxidized sulfur organic compounds
resulting from the oxidation sono catalytic are adsorbed on the surface of the water droplets in
the reverse emulsion by solvation of polar sulfoxide groups of the aqueous phase, while the non-
polar hydrocarbon radicals converted to a hydrocarbon environment. When separating a inverse
emulsion into an aqueous phase and a hydrocarbon molecule organic sulfur compounds pass into
the aqueous phase, forming micelles.
It was studied the effect of ozonation, ultrasound treatment and their joint impact on the
elemental composition of the oil. The experimental results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - The elemental composition of the oil before and after ultrasonic processing oil
Oil
С, mаss.%
H, mаss.%
N, mаss.%
S, mаss.%
O, mаss.%
Initial
84,70
12,04
0,45
2,65
0,20
After US
83,01
12,20
0,43
2,05
2,31
After Ozone
82,43
12,35
0,40
1,93
2,89
US+Ozone
82,70
12,39
0,42
1,65
2,84
As can be seen from Table 2 amount of sulfur after ultrasonic treatment decreased from
2,65 mass.% to 2,05 mass.% ,after ozonation to 1,93 mass.% and after the combined effects of
ultrasound and ozonation amount of total sulfur decreased to 1,65 mass.%. The results of the
experiment indicate the combined effect of ozone and ultrasound as the optimal method for the
desulfurization of crude oil.
During the process of ozonolysis and subsequent hydrotreating identified the main physical
and chemical characteristics and hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel derived from
"Zhanazhol" oilfield. Cetane index, showing the quality of the original diesel fuel - 51.9,
temperature 50% and the 90% 220°C and 270°C sublimation, respectively. Temperatures
triggering classification of diesel, the crystallization of paraffins in diesel and characterize the
operational duration - cloud point, pour point and filtering temperature of the diesel fuel are -
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
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30.3; -36.1; -42.2, respectively. The density of diesel fuel was 0,801 kg/m
3
. The sulfur content of
diesel fuel in the test was 0.1000 mass.%.
After the initial hydrogenation of diesel sulfur content decreased to 0.0240, an increase in
the cetane number to 52.6; a slight increase in temperature of 50% and 90% sublimation
fractions increase the initial boiling point, reduced cloud point temperature, filtration and
solidification, the content of olefins.
Further steps to detect ozone at the physico-chemical characteristics of diesel hydrotreating
processes pretreated ozone-air mixture of the diesel fractions were performed in different feed
flow (0.125; 0.25; 0.5 ml/min) in the time range within 30-90 minutes.
When processing a diesel feedstock ozone-air mixture at a specific gas velocity of 0.125
ml/min for 30 to 90 minutes, is markedly reduced sulfur content from 0.0240% to 0,004%. Fuel's
cetane index increased to a value of 55.1 when treated for 60 minutes. Thus with increasing
specific gas velocity of 0.125 ml/min to 0.25 ml/min and the subsequent hydrogenation of diesel
fuel sulfur content remains within 0.019%. Increased ozone specific rate to 0.5 ml/min also
significantly influences the reduction of sulfur content in diesel fuels, it is in the range of
0.016%. Thus, the increase rate of specific ozone mixture from 0.125 ml/min to 0.5 ml/min has
little effect further reduce the sulfur content of the diesel fraction of the original. The optimum
specific speed conditions about ozone is 0.125 ml/min over one hour. Under these conditions,
after a nickel catalyst at hydrotreating the sulfur content is reduced to a maximum of 0.004%.
Therefore, these conditions are taken as the optimal processing conditions of the original ozone-
fuel mixture.
Thus, the generalization of the data obtained by physical and chemical characteristics
shows that the increase in the specific rate of the ozone-air mixture from 0.125 ml/min to 0.5
ml/min increases the cetane index from 51.5 to 55.1. During ozonation observed minor changes
the density of diesel fuel. Iodine value after the ozonation decreased significantly from 28.8 to
26.4 at a specific rate of 0.125 ml/min. Increase the cetane index of diesel fuel has a positive
effect on the fractional composition. By the results of studies during the ozonation process in
optimum conditions (0.125 ml/min, 60 min), and at hydrotreating with Ni-skl. catalyst in the
sulfur content of diesel fuel is reduced from 0.1 to 0.004 wt.%.
The intensity of the absorption bands corresponding oxidized sulfur compounds - sulfones
and sulfoxides significantly increases with increasing depth and specific ozonation ozone supply
rate. This fact is explained by the high speed connection to the ozone with sulfur compounds.
It was studied the composition of original and processed by ozone diesel fractions mass
chromatogram for these samples were obtained for determining the composition of diesel
fractions (Figure 1).
virgin diesel fraction
ozonated diesel fraction
Figure 1 – Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis
GC spectrometric analysis was performed on the instrument firm PerkinElmer Clarus 600
in the electron impact mode with the energy of ionizing radiation of 70 eV. Gas chromatographic
separation was carried out on silicone capillary column Rxi 5Sil MS, l = 30 m and an inner
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
332
diameter of 0.25 mm. Temperature programming mode is from 40°C (1 min) to 300°C (4 min) at
10°C/min. Scanned sample - 0,5 microliter. The flow rate of gas (helium) - 1 ml/min.
It was built mass fragmentograms by characteristic masses of ions of certain classes of
compounds (Figure 1).
Based on the analysis of mass fragmentograms and group composition of the original and
ozonated fractions (Figures 1) that the main components are normal and iso-alkanes. In this case,
these diesel fractions contain alkanes from С
8
Н
18
tо С
26
Н
54
and distribution of alkanes has a
maximum in the region С
14
Н
30
…С
16
Н
34
.
The content of cycloalkanes as ozonation increases (Figure 1), most likely due to
oxidation, primarily methylthiophenyl. Reducing their content observed in the mass
fragmentograms
(Figure
7).
Interestingly,
the
total
content
of
the
monocyclic
aromatichydrocarbons as well as ozonation increases, likely due to the formation of isomers of
alkylbenzenes, indanes and tetralins partial oxidation naphthalenes and benzothiophenes.
Naphthalene and alkylnaphthalenes are present in both the source and the ozonized diesel.
Naphthalene
content
is
reduced
to
a
greater
extent
than
methylnaphthalenes,
dimethylnaphthalenes and - to a lesser extent than methylnaphthalenes. Minor phenanthrenes
content (about 0.5%) is almost unchanged as ozonation and hydrotreating. After ozonation in
mass fragments remain only traces methylthiophene and benzothiophene. A number of the
contents of DBT and DBT-dimethyl reduced by 43 and 33%, respectively.
Thus, using a chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass technique fragmentograms
group obtained starting compositions and ozonated hydrotreated diesel fractions. It is found that
after ozonation and a marked desulfurization hydrotreating. It should also be noted the growth of
the content of the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the deepening of ozonation and
hydrotreating and saving the content of phenanthrenes.
Thus, pre-treatment of diesel ozonation process allows its hydrogenation deeper. The
processing of diesel fuel sulfur reduction is achieved by an ozone-air mixture as compared to the
initial amount of sulfur to 96%.
Based on the study researches a new method of treatment of diesel fuel at low pressure
ozone treatment followed by hydrotreating on highly dispersed nickel skeletal catalyst to
produce diesel fuel with higher quality to meet the requirements of Euro-3 standard.
Conclusion
Thus it can be concluded that the use of sonication in the presence of a catalyst and oxidant
helps to reduce the content of organic sulfur compounds of oil up to 38%.
A new approach in the directed hydrotreating of oil using pretreatment by ozone-air
mixture, ultrasound and their joint impact is proposed. As a result, sono catalytic desulfurization
of oil with pretreatment by ozone-air mixture is shown that:
processing of oil by ozone-air mixture increases the yield of light products increased by
7% and also to reduce the sulfur content to 22.6%;
ultrasonic treatment of oil also increases the yield of light fractions of 7% and the total
amount of sulfur is reduced by 28.68%;
the combined effect of ultrasound and ozone on oil increases the yield of light fractions
by 21%, total sulfur is reduced by 38%.
The optimal conditions (specific feed rate of the ozone-air mixture of 0.125 ml/min for 60
min) for preliminary ozonation of diesel fuel is defined. Processing of initial fuel by ozone-air
mixture at optimal conditions with subsequent hydrotreating on Ni- skeletal catalyst leads to
removal of the sulfur content in diesel fuel up to 0.0004 wt.% and increasing the cetane index of
55.1. Consequently, it was obtained the DF corresponding to Euro-3 standards.
The group composition of straight-run and pre-treated by ozone hydrotreated diesel
fractions of oil of the "Zhanazhol" oilfield is established by the method of gas
chromatography-mass spectroscopy using the technique of mass fragmentograms. It is shown
that the main components of the diesel fraction are normal and isoalkanes, their total content is
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333
61% by weight. There are mono-, bi- and tricyclic hydrocarbons from aromatic hydrocarbons.
After the ozonation in a mass-fragmentsit is shown that there are only a trace of methylthiophene
and benzothiophene, and the content of dibenzothiophene reduced by 43%.
References
1.
Braginsky O.B. Oil and gas complex in the world. Ed. "Oil and gas" RSU of Oil and Gas.
named after Gubkin. M: 2006, p. 280.
2.
Sampanthar, J.T., Xiao, H., Dou, J., Nah, T.Y., Rong, X., Kwan, W.P., A Novel Oxidative
Desulfurization Process to Remove Refractory Sulfur Compounds from Diesel Fuel, Applied
Catalysis B: Environmental 63, 2006, 85-93
3.
Gridneva E.S. Desulphurization oil under the influence of ultrasound, Moscow State
University of environmental engineering, Dissertation, Moscow, 2010.
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
334
Мылтықбаева Ж.К.,
1
Қайырбеков Ж.Қ.,
2
Мұқталы Д.,
1
Сайлауова Ж.
1
1
әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, Алматы қаласы
2
Жаңа химиялық технологиялар мен материалдар ғылыми-зерттеу институты,
Алматы қаласы)
*
E-mail:
oilcoal@mail.ru
Дизель фракциясын молибден қосылыстарының катализаторымен сутек асқын
тотығы қатысында тотықтырып күкіртсіздендіру
Бұл зерттеу жұмысында тура айдалып алынған дизель фракциясының (180-320
0
С)
бастапқы физика-химиялық қасиеттері анықталған. Дизель отынын сутек асқын тотық
қатысында Мо ауыспалы металл катализаторымен тотықтыру процесі зерттелген.
Тотықтырып күкіртсіздендіру процесі тура айдалып алынған дизель отынының
физикалық химиялық қасиеттеріне оң әсер ететіні көрсетілген. Нәтижесінде жалпы күкірт
мөлшері 43 % төмендегені анықталған.
Түйінді сөздер: дизель отыны, тотықтыру, күкіртсіздендіру, сутек асқын тотығы,
катализатор, пероксокомплекстер, диметилформамид
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