Бессменный посев
Пшеница
трад.
122,7
нулев.
129,6
Исследования свидетельствуют о том, что перед посевом запасы влаги в почве варьирова-
лись незначительно, однако преимущество имела нулевая обработка. Причиной этому может
быть стерневой фон и мульчирующий слой. Мульчирование препятствует испарению влаги, со-
храняя её в поверхностном слое. Стерня так же защищает влагу от испарения и придаёт повы-
шенную ветроустойчивость почве.
Таблица 3 – Степень разложения льняных полотен по различным агрофонам и техно-
логиям обработки, % от исходного состояния
Севооборот
Технологии
Через 1 месяц
после закладки
Через 2 месяца
после закладки
Через 3 меся-
ца после за-
кладки
1 пшеница
трад.
2,2
12,7
20,7
нулев.
2,7
11,4
34,7
2 пшеница
трад.
3,2
7,3
19,2
нулев.
4,8
26,3
25,4
3 пшеница
трад.
3,9
24,6
26,7
нулев.
6,7
25,0
31,1
4 горох
трад.
1,8
22,2
31,1
нулев.
10,9
19,5
34,7
5 пшеница
трад.
1,5
17,3
30,4
нулев.
2,2
19,7
42,7
6 лён масличный
трад.
5,0
26,5
29,3
нулев.
6,8
42,2
37,8
7 пшеница
трад.
6,3
10,8
31,6
нулев.
2,6
22,2
36,3
Бессменный посев
Пшеница
трад.
6,6
31,8
37,7
нулев.
6,2
24,8
35,1
В севообороте биологическая активность почвы при отсутствии обработки не только не
снизилась, но и в некоторых случаях даже незначительно превосходила традиционную обработку.
Однако при бессменном посеве при отсутствии обработки, был заметен незначительный спад
уровня активности биоты.
Данные по урожайности при различных вариантах внесения удобрений позволяют сделать
примерные выводы в пользу применения нулевой обработки почвы, потому что урожайность
варьировалась незначительно, но всё же в пользу нулёвки (Таблица4). Что немало важно уро-
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
85
жайность не снижалась при минимизации и в посевах пшеницы бессменной. В итоге можно ска-
зать, что нулёвка показала себя с хорошей стороны.
Таблица 4 – Урожайность культур в зависимости от технологий обработки почвы, ц/га
Севооборот
Традиционная
Нулевая
Среднее по
технологиям
Б/у
N
30
N
30
P
20
Б/у
N
30
N
30
P
20
Трад.
Нул.
1 пшеница
11,4
12,8
14,1
13,6
14,9
15,1
12,8
14,5
2 пшеница
10,6
11,7
13,1
12,2
13,2
14,3
11,8
13,2
3 пшеница
10,2
12,0
14,2
11,0
12,9
13,1
12,1
12,3
4 горох
13,0
10,8
13,7
14,3
14,4
15,6
12,5
14,8
5 пшеница
8,5
9,3
10,5
9,2
10,3
10,4
9,4
10,0
6 лён масличный
4,3
4,0
4,3
5,2
6,0
6,5
4,2
5,9
7 пшеница
7,8
9,1
10,3
7,9
9,0
9,9
9,1
8,9
Бессменный
посев
Пшеница
7,7
10,0
12,4
11,2
11,3
13,1
10,0
12,1
Таким образом, полученные данные по основным показателям характеризующим возмож-
ность и эффективность применения нулевой обработки, позволяют заключить, что нулевая обра-
ботка почвы применима в условиях чернозёмов обыкновенных Северного Казахстана. Об этом
говорит тот факт, что основные показатели данной технологии были на уровни традиционной.
Показатели незначительно варьировались между технологиями, однако преимущество, было у
нулевой обработке.
Литература:
1 Кирюшин В.И. Точные агротехнологии как высшая форма интенсификации адаптивно- ланд-
шафтного земледелия.] / В.И. Кирюшин // Земледелие. – 2004. - №6. - С.16 – 20.
2 Кирюшин В.И. Минимизация обработки почвы: перспективы и противоречия. / В.И. Кирюшин
// Земледелие. – 2006. - № 5. – С.12 - 14.
3 Баздырев, Г.И., Лошаков, В.Г., Пупонин, А.И. Земледелие.: Учебник для вузов / Под ред. Пу-
понина А.И. – М.:Колос, 2002. – 552 с.
4 Устойчивое развитие земледелия на основе адаптивных систем и ресурсосберегающих тех-
нологий возделывания с/х культур для различных агроэкологических зон Республики Казахстан : от-
чёт о НИР ( промежуточ.) : Карабалыкская СХОС ; рук. Кужинов М.Б. ; исполн. : Борисенко Н.В. –
Научный, 2014. – 55с.
5 Колмаков П.П., Нестеренко А.М. Минимальная обработка почвы. [Текст] /П.П. Колмаков, А.М.
Нестеренко. - М.: Колос, 1981 . – 285 с.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN TOMATOES, CUCUMBERS
AND APPLES FROM KAZAKHSTAN
Prof. dr hab. Bozena Lozowicka
*
and Dr Piotr Kaczynski,
This study presents for the first time the results of a pesticide residue detected in fruit and vegetable
from Kazakhstan. Eighty two samples of tomatoes and cucumbers collected in 2012-2014 (April, November,
and December) from top agro-based markets and tunnels and eight samples of apples collected in 2015 in
Almaty were investigated. A multi-residue analytical procedure covered over 450 pesticdes was used fol-
lowed by LC/MS/MS. A total of 58.5% of samples of vefetables contained insecticides (16), fungicides (12)
and one herbicide ranged from 0.01 mg kg
-1
to 0.88 mg kg
-1
, especially in tomatoes, ten of them are not
registered in Kazakhstan and 28% exceeded the Custom Union Maximum Residue Level. The all eight
tested samples of apples (1005) contained 16 insecticides and fungicides ranged from 0.02 mg kg
-1
to 2.3
mg kg
-1
, and 45% exceeded the C U MRL.
Key words: Tomatoes, cucumbers, apples, pesticide residue, Kazakhstan
1. Introduction
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
86
Tomatoes, cucumbers and apples are in Kazakhstan one of the most important vegetable and fruit
components of the diet and it is consumed raw, cooked or processed. Nevertheless, tomatoes, cucumbers
and apples are susceptible to several pests and diseases. Based on our knowladge from Kazakhstan farms,
we conclude that producers are facing severe pest and fungi problems. We also witnessed when pesticide
treatments had being carried out even just before harvest and marketing. This happens despite of the fact,
that Kazakhstan has an official list of pesticides permitted for use on various crops against different agro-
phages and sheltered ground with defined dosages, frequency of application and expectation time before
harvest [1]. Apart from vegetables and fruit of local greenhouse producers, Kazakhstan imports tomatoes,
cucumbers and apples from neighboring regions of China and Uzbekistan. No monitoring and detection of
pesticide residues in imported vegetables are performed neither at the point of entry or marketing places and
no certificate of origin is provided by local retailers. Pesticide residues on vegetables constitute a possible
risk to consumers, and have been a human health concern. If the chemical is used as recommended on the
label of the product, any residues that do occur should not exceed the maximum residue levels (MRLs).
Good knowledge of pesticide concentration is necessary to properly assess human exposure. Health risk
assessment of pesticides residue in contaminated vegetables is being carried out in developed countries [2];
however little is explored in developing countries. In Kazakhstan no published data on pesticides contamina-
tion in fruit and vegetables are available. Because the agricultural practice in this country is almost missing
due to the lack of correct pest management system and pesticides laws, the risk human health and exposure
to the present pesticide residues and types of health threat must be evaluated. Based on above observations
we hypothesize that greenhouse tomato, cucumber and apples sold on markets in Kazakhstan contain pesti-
cide residues, possibly exceeding maximum residue levels and non approved for use. Thus, objective of this
study was to test this hypothesis. To have solid results, these samples have been analyzed by accredited
Laboratory of Pesticide Residues in Bialystok, Poland.
2. Material
In this study, 82 samples collected in 2012–2014 (April and November, December 2014) (44 tomatoes
and 38 cucumbers samples) and 8 samples of apples from Almaty collected in 2015 (December). These
places were 2 greenhouses, 5 supermarkets and 11 open markets. We state that sampled vegetables are of
greenhouse origin since by the end of April, November and December climatic conditions either in Ka-
zakhstan, unsuitable for open field cultivation. Pesticide-free cucumbers and tomatoes samples were used
as blank to spike for the validation process.
To be sure about the quality of results, the Laboratory has accreditation PN/EN ISO IEC 17025 (from
2007) and regularly take a part and satisfactory performance in external proficiency assessment schemes in
proficiency testing schemes organized and run by the Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme
(FAPAS; Central Science Laboratory in York) and by the European Commission (University of Almeria). Par-
ticipation in EC tests is mandatory for all Official Laboratory undertaking the analysis of these commodities
for the official controls on pesticide residues, using of validated methods and the employment of suitably
qualified persons to carry out analysis.
3. Results and discussion
The frequency occurrence of detected active substances in tomatoes, cucumbers and apples are pre-
sented in Fig. 1.
Cucumbers (N=38)
50%
29%
21%
Tomatoes (N=44)
34%
32%
34%
Apples (N=8)
25%
75%
Fig. 1 The frequency occurrence of detected active substances in tomatoes, cucumbers and apples (green
color – samples without residues, yellow – with residues below MRL and red color with residues above
MRL)
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
87
Pesticide residues were not observed in 34 samples (41.5%) from 82 analysed. The concentration of all de-
tected pesticide residues found in 56 samples (70%) were compared with maximum residue levels set by
European Commission (2005) EU–MRLs and Custom Union (Russia, Belorussia and Kazakhstan) [3]. Ac-
cording to the unified requirements of Custom Union (Russia, Belorussia and Kazakhstan), 498 MRLs have
been defined for residues of active substances and its metabolites in food products. In the case of lack de-
fined value for residues of active substances, MRL Codex Alimentarius was used.Among the samples with
residues, in 34% (27) samples contained pesticide residues below UC–MRLs, while in 36% (29) above safe-
ty limits (UC–MRLs).
With respect to the detected pesticides in tomatoes, 26 compounds were detected 73 times, of which
14 and 40 exceeded EU–MRL and CU–MRL.
In cucumber, 17 compounds were detected 34 times, 6 and 17 respectively above EU–MRL and CU–
MRL. Generally, the EU–MRLs are higher than more restricted CU–MRLs. Comparing of MRLs, the same
EU–MRL and CU–MRL values have only dimethoate 0.02 mg kg
-1
and metalaxyl 0.5 mg kg
1
. The highest
difference between values of EU–MRL and CU–MRL shows chloropyrifos ethyl – 100 times (0.5 mg kg
-1
and
0.005 mg kg
-1
).
In all, 8 samples of apples, 12 compounds were detected 19 times, 6 above EU–MRL and CU–MRL.
The highest concentration showed chlorpyrifos-ethyl 2,3 mg kg
-1
, propargite 1,4 mg kg
-1
and cypermethrin
0,9 mg kg
-1
.
Thirty two pesticide residues included metabolites from three groups: 1) insecticide included orga-
nochlorine (DDT, endosulfan–sulphate, beta and alpha and dicofol); neonicotinoid (acetamipryd, thiame-
thoxam); pyrethroids (lambda–cyhalothrin, alpha–cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin); organophosphorus
(triazophos, chloropyrifos ethyl, dimethoate), N–methyl carbamate (propoxur) and unclassified (etoxazole,
pyridaben, buprofezin, propargite, tebufenozide); 2) fungicide: azole (triadimefon, tebuconazole, triadimenol,
flusilazole, prochloraz); substituted benzene (chlorothalonil); pyrimidine (pyrimethanil), xylylalanine (metalax-
yl); dicarboximide (iprodione); anilide (boscalid) and unclassified (fluopicolide), and 3) herbicide: sulfonylurea
(thifensulfuron) in the samples of tomatoes and cucumbers were detected. Insecticides (20 active sub-
stances, 86 detections) were the most frequently detected than fungicides (11 active substances, 45 detec-
tions) and one herbicide.
If we compare the percentage of samples with pesticide residues depending on the type of vegeta-
bles, it is much higher in the samples of tomatoes, and only 34% not contain residues and more than one of
third (34%) exceed permitted limits. In the case of cucumbers, half do not contain residues, and about 21%
contain them above the UC–MRL. Comparing the results obtained in this work with those found in tomatoes
and cucumber samples from other studies, it was observed that pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumb-
ers in Kazakhstan present the most cases higher amounts and more active substances than those reported
from another country [4].
Among the most detected pesticides in this study were organochlorine insecticides (22 samples, fifty
one detections). The accumulation of organochlorine compounds in foods is still a matter of major concern
although the use of most organochlorine compounds (OCs) has been banned or restricted in the most of the
countries, due to the uncertainty about the adverse effects that those residues may have after a lengthy ex-
posure at low doses. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides has been reported by authors in different types
of samples, also in tomatoes and cucumbers samples from Morocco and Saudi Arabia [5,6,7]. This most
probably reflects the usage pattern of these compounds, which are highly persistent, effective and cheap.
Over 60% of the total organochlorine contamination is due to the DDT components. The first study of pesti-
cide residue in grain from Kazakhstan showed, that banned pesticides, such as DDTs, gamma-HCH, aldrin
were found in cereal grain. In the case of endoslulfan, the usage of this spesticide in agriculture has been
banned in Kazakhstan since 1983, nothing is known about its illegal use. The results showed that endosulfan
was presented in the thirteen samples (20.3%): tomatoes (10) and cucumbers (3). The concentration for al-
pha–isomers was between 0.004–0.12 mg kg
-1
, beta–endosulfan 0.001–0.62 mg kg
-1
and endosulfan sulfate
0.003–0.08 mg kg
-1
. The average concentration for isomers and sulphate endosulfan were 0.159 mg kg
-1
,
and the highest concentration expressed as sum for individual tomato sample was 0.88 mg kg
-1
. Endosulfan
became a highly controversial agrichemical due to its acute toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation, and role
as an endocrine disruptor. More than 80 countries (the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, and sever-
al West African nations, the United States, Brazil and Canada) had already banned it or announced phase-
outs by the time the Stockholm Convention ban was agreed upon. It is still used extensively in India, China,
and few other countries (USA). Endosulfan is a broad-spectrum non-systemic insecticide and acaricide, ex-
tremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrate and it has been implicated increasingly in mammalian gonadal
toxicity, genotoxicity, and neuro toxicity and moderately persistent in the soil environment. Among the orga-
nochlorine pesticide chemically related to DDT, dicofol was detected in tomatoes samples in concentration
0.08 and 0.06 mg kg
-1
. Dicofol is an acaricide used to control many species of phytophagous mite especially
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
88
red spider mite, on a range of food and ornamental crops and it is still produce and use in China. Exposure
to dicofol cause adverse health effects and poisoning, its possible human carcinogen and the ADI has been
set as 0.002 mg kg
-1
per day.
Acetamiprid belongs to a new, widely used class of pesticide, the neonicotinoids and was detected in
8 samples (18.7%). A mean sum value was 0.104 mg kg
-1
achieved for all the testes commodities, with range
0.01–0.25 mg kg
-1
. With similar chemical structures to nicotine, neonicotinoids also share agonist activity at
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Acetamiprid degrades rapidly by aerobic soil metabolism. This
insecticide has been classified as an “unlikely” human carcinogen. Recently, acetamiprid residues in the en-
vironment have been receiving considerable attention due to their potential toxicity to humans. Thiametoxam
belongs also to the neonicotinoids and recently in samples collected in December 2014 it was found in one
sample of tomatoes and one of cucumbers in concentration 0.01 mg kg
-1
. Thiamethoxam is developed both
for foliar/soil applications and as a seed treatment for use in most agricultural crops all over the world.
In recent decades, pyrethroids have increasingly replaced organochlorine pesticides due to their rela-
tively lower mammalian toxicity, selective insecticide activity, and lower environmental persistence than the
organochlorine. Although posing minimal threat to mammals and avian species, pyrethroids are extremely
toxic to aquatic organisms, including fish such as bluegill and lake trout. The levels of of three pyrethroid re-
sidues (10 samples, 17.8%) were in tomatoes: lambda–cyhalothrin 0.02–0.25 mg kg
-1
, cyfluthrin 0.03 mg kg
-1
and cypermethrin 0.1–0.09 mg kg
-1
and in one sample of cucumber: lambda–cyhalothrin 0.02 mg kg
-1
. Cy-
permethrin is a pyrethroid classified as a moderately toxic chemical. In China, cypermethrin is one of the
most potent insecticides widely used to control numerous insect pests on fruits, vegetables and field crops. It
poses a great threat to fish and other aquatic organisms and it is highly toxic honeybees (Lozowicka, 2013).
Even though effects to humans are still unclear, the US Environmental Protection Agency has classified
some of them (cypermethrin, permethrin and biphenthrin) as possible human carcinogens.
Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) were detected in seven samples. Among them four times chlo-
ropyrifos ethyl above CU–MRL, in one sample of cucumber in concentration 0.07 mg kg
-1
and three in toma-
toes (0.01 mg kg
-1
). It has a broad-spectrum activity. Poisoning with this compound can affect the central
nervous system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system (Nolan et al., 1984). The estimated risk re-
lated to chronic expose for humans to residues of chlorpyrifos by means of a reference dose (RfD) of choli-
nesterase (ChE) is low and amounts to 0.03 mg kg
-1
bw d
-1
and, while taking into consideration an uncertain-
ty factor related to higher sensibility of organisms with not fully-developed protection mechanisms, as calcu-
lated by US EPA (0.003 mg kg
-1
bw d
-1
). The effect of chlorpyrifos on human and animal safety is still a cur-
rent problem investigated by the European Commission [8] and US EPA (http://www.tga.gov.au).
The next organophosphorus insecticide was dimethoate detected in two samples of cucumbers in
concentration 0.05 and 0.13 mg kg
-1
, above CU–MRL . This pesticide is a widely used in the EU and in other
parts of the world to kill a broad range of insects such as thrips, aphids, mites, and whiteflies. Like all OPs,
dimethoate acts by interfering with the activities of cholinesterase, an enzyme essential for the proper func-
tioning of the nervous system of insects and humans. It is highly toxic to birds and honeybees , moderately
toxic to most aquatic species and earthworms. Dimethoate is a suspected human teratogen may affect re-
production as a possible human carcinogen. Third detetcted OPs was triazophos in concentration 0.01 mg
kg
-1
. This pesticide is not registered in Kazakhstan and UE.
The most detected chemical group among the fungicide was azole group included five active sub-
stances: triadimefon and tebuconazole (each in 4 samples), triadimenol (3 samples), flusilazole (2 samples)
and prochloraz (1 sample). Azole fungicides are broad spectrum antifungal compounds used in agriculture.
The mechanism of antifungal action relies on inhibition of CYP51, resulting in inhibition of fungal cell growth.
Known adverse health effects of azole fungicides are mainly linked to CYP inhibition. Additionally, azole fun-
gicide-induced neurotoxicity has been reported, though the underlying mechanism(s) are largely unknown.
The most detected fungicides were chlorothalonil and azoxystrobin (each in 4 samples). The levels of
chlorothalonil detected in the cucumbers (2) and tomatoes (2 samples) were between 0.01–0.06 mg kg
-1
while the levels of next fungicide – azoxystrobin varied between 0.01–0.02 mg kg
-1
in cucumbers. Fluopico-
lide, not registered in Kazakhstan, was detected in three samples in range 0.01-0.03 mg kg
-1
, is a mesosys-
temic fungicide; it translocates toward the stem tips via the xylem but it does not translocate toward the roots.
Fluopicolide controls a wide range of Oomycete (Phycomycete) diseases, late blight (Phytophthora), and
some Pythium species. The mode of action of fluopicolide has not been determined; however, it is a mode of
action unlike the known modes of action of other registered fungicides. Pyrimethanil (pyrimidine group) not
registered in Kazakhstan was detected in two samples of tomatoes in concentration 0.07 and 0.1 mg kg
-1
.
Pyrimethanil prevents diseases caused by a wide spectrum of fungi, including Alternaria spp., Botrytis cine-
rea, Cercospora spp., Cladosporium spp., Colletotrichum spp., Monilia spp., Mycosphaerella spp., Penicil-
lium spp. and Venturia spp.
One herbicide was detected in cucumber sample. Thifensulfuron-methyl is a selective systemic herbi-
cide, absorbed by the leaves and roots of plants and interferes with the synthesis of branched amino acids
|