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UNIT 2.THE PHONEME: ITS DEFINITION AND MODIFICATIONS IN

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Modiﬁcations of phonemes in speech.
Diaphonic variation is caused by historical tendencies active in certain localities. The less noticeable variation is allophonic
UNIT 3. THE SYSTEM OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS

UNIT 2.THE PHONEME: ITS DEFINITION AND MODIFICATIONS IN
SPEECH
The deﬁnitions of the phoneme vary greatly. The concise form of V.A. Vassiliev‘s
deﬁnition sounds like this:
―
phoneme
is the smallest important unit of the sound
structure of a given language which serves to distinguish one word from another.
According to the soviet linguist L.V. Shcherba the phoneme may be viewed as a
functional, material and abstract unit.
As a functional unit phoneme serves to perform discriminatory or distinctive
function: it helps to distinguish one morpheme from another, one word from another
and also one utterance from another. (E.g. said – says, bath – path; He was hurt badly
– He was heard badly).
As a material unit phoneme is realized in speech of all English-speaking people in
the form of speech sounds, its allophones that are not identical in their articulatory
content.
Phonemes taken separately are abstract units which acquire sense only in
combinations with other phonemes.
Modiﬁcations of phonemes in speech.
Every phoneme displays a vast range of variations. Among diﬀerent types of
variations we distinguish: idiolectal, diaphonic and allophonic.
Idiolectal
variation occurs because of the individual peculiarities of articulating
sounds. They are caused by the shape and forms of the speaker's speech organs. For
example, the speaker mumbles, stammers or lisps.
Diaphonic
variation is caused by historical tendencies active in certain localities.
The less noticeable variation is
allophonic
. It's conditioned by phonetic environment,
for example [æ] and [
ə
].
UNIT 3. THE SYSTEM OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS
In all languages speech sounds are traditionally divided into two main groups:
vowels and consonants. From the auditory point of view consonants are known to
have voice and noise combined, while vowels are sounds consisting of voice only.
From the articulatory point of view the diﬀerence is due to the work of speech
41
organs. In case of vowels no obstruction is made. In case of consonants various
obstructions are made. Vowels are speech sounds based on voice which is modiﬁed in
the supralaryngeal cavities. Consonants are speech sounds in the articulation of
which there is an obstruction, the removal of which causes noise-plosion or friction.
Each sound is known to have 3 aspects: acoustic, articulatory, auditory. And
we‘ll give the phonological description of sounds in terms of articulatory level. So

according to V.A. Vassilyev primary importance in classiﬁcation of English
consonants should be given to the type of obstruction and the manner of production
of noise. On this ground he distinguishes 2 large classes of consonants:
a)

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