Боргуль Н. М. Пособие по основам теории изучаемого языка, печать
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- Sentence Stress (Utterance stress)
| §2. Components of intonation
Speech melody is the variations in the pitch of the voice. The basic unit used to describe the pitch component is the tone. Depending on whether the pitch of the voice varies or remains unvaried tones are subdivided into kinetic and static. Static tones may have different levels - high, mid, low. Kinetic tones are HF (high falling), LF (low falling), HR (high rising), LR (low rising). Sentence Stress (Utterance stress) is the prosodic phenomenon of speech with a linguistic function of indicating the relative importance of various elements in an utterance. Utterance stress is closely related to word stress. Whenever utterance stress occurs it will normally fall on a syllable which also has the word stress. Yet linguistically utterance stress is quite different, because the distribution of stresses in an utterance is determined primarily by the semantic factor, whereas word accentuation is determined by the accentual rules of the language. The subsystem of utterance stress in English includes 3 basic functional types: nuclear stress, non nuclear full stress and a partial stress. The distribution of stresses in an utterance depends on several factors (Torsuev): semantic, grammatical rhythmical. The semantic factor is singled out by the nuclear stress; it has the greatest semantic importance. The grammatical structure also determines its accentual structure, for example, inverted word order for expressing interrogation, requires stress on the auxiliary verb. The rhythmical laws of the English language also affect the distribution of stress: notional words may be unstressed, word-form - stressed. Utterance stress provides the basis for the hearer's identification of the important parts of the utterance, for his understanding of the context. The temporal characteristics of intonation include tempo, pausation, duration (the length of the utterance). Tempo is the rate at which utterances are pronounced. Generally 3 degrees of tempo are distinguished 1) normal (moderate) - neutral speech, 2) fast (quick) and 3) slow. It's common knowledge that by slowing down the tempo we can make an utterance or part of it more prominent, underlying the semantic importance of it. Increasing the speed we diminish prominence and as a result the actual semantic importance of what we say. Tempo frames syntactical units. The beginning and the end of a unit are characterized by a slower tempo, than the middle of the unit. It expresses the speaker's attitude or emotions: fast - excitement, anger; slow relaxation, phlegmatic attitude. Pausation. Phoneticians distinguish 3 main types of pauses: 1) silent (stop in phonation), 2) pauses of perception (the effect of a pause is achieved by a change of pitch direction), voiced or filled pauses (filled with non-communicative sound - hm, er that signal hesitation or doubt and help to produce the impression of a continuous 50 flow of speech). Duration of pauses is relative. It may vary depending on the general tempo of speech. жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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