Методика пособие готовый вариант docx
Lecture 12 Teaching writing
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Методика пособие готовый вариант docx
| Lecture 12
Teaching writing 1. Writing as a skill 2. How to teach writing 3. Exercises for developing writing skills 1. Writing as a skill Writing as a skill is very important in teaching and learning a foreign language; it helps pupils to assimilate letters and sounds of the English language, its vocabulary and grammar, and to develop habits and skills in pronunciation, speaking, and reading. The practical value of writing is great because it can fix patterns of all kinds (graphemes, words, phrases and sentences) in pupils’ memory, thus producing a powerful effect on their mind. That is why the school syllabus reads: “Writing is a means of teaching a foreign language.” Writing includes penmanship, spelling, and composition. The latter is the aim of learning to write. Since writing is a complicated skill it should be developed through the formation of habits such as: (1) the habit of writing letters of the English alphabet; (2) the habit of converting speech sounds into their symbols – letters and letter combinations; (3) the habit of correct spelling of words, phrases, and sentences; (4) the habit of writing various exercises which lead pupils to expressing their thoughts in connection with the task set . In forming writing habits the following factors are of great importance: 1 Auditory perception of a sound, a word, a phrase, or a sentence, i.e., proper hearing of a sound, a word, a phrase, or a sentence. 2 Articulation of a sound and pronunciation of a word, a phrase, and a sentence by the pupil who writes. 3 Visual perception of letters or letter combinations which stand for sounds. 4 The movements of the muscles of the hand in writing. The ear, the eye, the muscles and nerves of the throat and tongue, the movements of the muscles of the hand participate in writing. And the last, but not the least, factor which determines progress in formation and development of lasting writing habits is pupils’ comprehension of some rules which govern writing in the English language. Since pupils should be taught penmanship, spelling, and composition it is necessary to know the difficulties Russian pupils find in learning to write English. The writing of the English letters does not present much trouble because there are a lot of similar letters in both languages. They are a, o, e, n, m, p, c, k, g, x, M, T, H. Only a few letters, such as s, r, i, h, 1, f, b, t, j, I, G, Q, N, etc., may be strange to Russian pupils. Training in penmanship is made easier because our school has adopted the script writing suggested by Marion Richardson in which the capital letters in script have the same form as the printed capital letters. The small letters such as h, b, d, i, k, f, are made without a loop. Pupils find it difficult to make each stroke continuous when the body of the letter occupies one space, the stem one more space above, the tail one more space below. The most difficult thing for Russian pupils in learning to write is English spelling. The spelling system of a language may be based upon the following principles: 1. Historical or conservative principle when spelling reflects the pronunciation of earlier periods in the history of the language. For example, Russian: кого, жил; English: busy, brought, daughter. 2. Morphological principle. In writing a word the morphemic composition of the word is taken into account. For example, in Russian: рыба, рыбка; the root morpheme is рыб; in English: answered, asked; the affixal morpheme is ed . 3. Phonetic principle. Spelling reflects the pronunciation. For example, in Russian: бесконечный - безграничный; in English: leg, pot. One or another of these principles may prevail in any given language. In Russian and German the morphological principle prevails. In French and English the historical or conservative principle dominates (as far as the first 1000 words are concerned). The modern English spelling originated as early as the 15th century and has not been changed since then. The pronunciation has changed greatly during that time. Significant difference in pronunciation and spelling is the result. The same letters in different words are read differently. For example, fat, fate, far, fare. Different letters or letter combinations in different words are read in the same way: I - eye; rode - road; write - right; tale - tail. Many letters are pronounced in some words and are mute in other words: build [bild] - suit [sju:t]; laugh [la:f] - brought [bro:t]; help [help] - hour [auə]. The discrepancy that exists in the English language between pronunciation and spelling may be explained by the fact that there are more sounds in the language than there are letters to stand for these sounds. Thus, there are 23 vowel sounds in English and 6 letters to convey them. In teaching English spelling special attention should be given to the words which present much trouble in this respect. The spelling of the words, for example, busy , daughter , language , beautiful , foreign , and others, must be assimilated through manifold repetition in their writing and spelling. In conclusion it should be said that it is impossible to master accurate spelling without understanding some laws governing it. Pupils should know: (1) how to add: 1) -s to words ending in y : day - days , stay - he stays , but city - cities , study - he studies ; 2) -ed to verbs: play - played ; carry - carried ; 3) -ing to verbs: write - writing ; play - playing ; stand - standing ; 4) - er , - est to adjectives in the comparative and the superlative degrees: clean – cleaner - cleanest; large – larger - largest ; (2) when the consonant should be doubled: sit - sitting ; thin - thinner ; swim - swimming ; (3) the main word-building suffixes: - ful : use - useful ; - less : use - useless ; and others. Writing a composition or a letter, which is a kind of a composition where the pupil has to write down his own thoughts, is another problem to be solved. The pupil comes across a lot of difficulties in finding the right words, grammar forms and structures among the limited material stored up in his memory. The pupil often does not know what to write; he wants good and plentiful ideas which will be within his vocabulary and grammar. жүктеу/скачать 0,93 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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