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РЕЗЮМЕ
В статье рассматриваются актуальные проблемы формирования и сущности компетентности
в подготовке будущих учителей к профильному обучению в 12-летней школе.
RESUME
The article deals with topical issues of appearance and the essence of competence in preparing
future teachers for specialized education in the12-year school.
99
UDC 74.025
R.F. Zhussupova
L.N. Gumilyov ENU,
Candidate of pedagogical science,
associated professor
A.U. Ilyassova
The Eurasian Humanities Institute,
Master of pedagogical science,
docent
Continuing Teacher
Professional
Development
Annotation
The article presents difficulties in the
adaptation of international experience on the
professional development of teachers on the basis of
research development. The authors defined various
challenges faced by Kazakh teachers in the analysis
of
their
own
professional
experience.
The
development of the teachers’ research activities is
identified as one of the main ideas of a modern
educational paradigm.
Key
words:
professional
development,
professional experience, pedagogical researching,
reflexive teacher, reflective self-analysis, impact on
teaching and learning.
Kazakhstan is currently studying international
experience of pedagogical education. Thus, according
to OECD research report “Training of teachers and
school leaders for the 21
st
century”, the leading
system of pedagogical education, including Finland,
attach special importance to the development of
teachers’ search and researches activities: “ Finnish
teachers have earned the trust of parents and society
as a whole, demonstrating the ability to use
professional solutions for classroom management and
organization of class assistance with all students in
order for them to become successful” [1, p.62].
Teachers are able to analyze their own professional
practice and offer solutions to educational problems,
form a community of researchers.
The former Soviet Union thought about the
teacher as a researcher is not innovative. Normative
documents on professional training object aim
teachers to at the need of skills of the study in order
to improve their own teaching activities [2].
However, the analysis of literature on the
methodology of pedagogical researches has shown
that there is no single standard representation of its
structure. According to V. Krajewski “on this
occasion there are many books, but a single structure
applied to pedagogical researching has not yet been
created” [3, p.235]. This uncertainty in the
methodology of a pedagogical research presents a
number of difficulties in the adaptation of
international
experience
on
the
professional
development of teachers on the basis of research
development.
100
First, in the implementation borrowed from another foreign innovation system there always
spurs a question about similarities and differences between this pedagogical borrowing with
existing concepts, approaches and methods and the national education system.
Secondly, there is a need to explore the essence of various approaches to teacher – research
practice. What approaches and methods are really effective and attractive to teachers in real
school settings? What kind of research can integrate into daily teaching activities without taking
it so long?
Third, teaching science developed an unspoken tradition of separating educationalists
(scholars) from teachers - practitioners (teachers). It is considered the scientists show teachers
how to use one or other innovative method of schooling. But the scientist is only an outside
expert unfamiliar with the realities of a particular school where the teacher works. A teacher –
practitioner, in turn, is experiencing conflict between the theoretical knowledge aimed at
improving the quality of pedagogical work and the present situation of constant changing,
causing the state of professional uncertainty. We believe that a teacher needs motivation for
developing leadership skills and making research of his own professional activity. The very
structure of pedagogical researching should allow the teacher to integrate theoretical knowledge
with empirical solutions for specific problems “here and now”.
A recent international study by the OECD in the field of teaching and learning (Teaching
and Learning International Survey, TALIS) showed that teachers are beginning to appreciate
their own professional experience [4] and to treat it as their own researches for effective teaching
or broadcast a better educational experience at the school level, district, city, region and country.
However, Kazakh teachers identify various challenges faced by teachers in the analysis of their
own professional experience:
“complexity of the modern teachers arise when compiling their own experience
descriptions”;
“if you are a creative teacher, you should be able to describe your experiences. Until you
learn to describe, you won’t get the right quality. Teachers need to learn to justify their point of
view”;
“teachers get used that a head teacher will summarize their experience, advancement”;
“when you begin to understand the experience, trying to show it to another, you shift from
rusted points of growth” [5, p.50].
These teachers confirm the fact that the starting point of a pedagogical research in a school
should have an internal motivation for teachers to analyze their own teaching experience. Such
ability of the teacher as reflexive practice plays the main role. The problem of the teacher’s
reflexive thinking development is important not only at the national level, but also
internationally. The OECD research report showed that the teacher’s reflective self-analysis is
one of the conditions of his/her professional self-development [1, p.38]. At the same time,
foreign and national scholars: Sean D.[6], S. Brookfield [7], J. Moon [8], E. Wilson [9],
A.A.Bizyaeva [10], V.B.Gargay [11], A.M. Novikov [12], S.T. Taubayeva [7], A.B.Nurgozhina
[8] argue that the problem of reflection in professional pedagogical thinking is studied poorly
and occasionally.
The idea of objective differences in standard teacher thinking, acting on the samples from
the reflexive teacher, able to predict and assess the impact of educational activities on the
learning process, was expressed in the writings of John Dewey [11]. In his work “How we think”
John Dewey defines reflective thinking as “active, persistent and careful consideration of any
opinion whatsoever on the form of knowledge or perceived by the light of the grounds on which
it rests, and further analysis of the conclusions to which it results” [4,p.58]. Teachers’ reflective
thinking underlies the ability to analyze and rethink their activities in order to design their own
professional “I”. The reflective component in the teacher’s work objectively arises from the
fundamental impossibility to create a universal handbook with ready advice and
recommendations on all occasions.
101
Relying on scientific views of John Dewey, the scientist M. van Manen identifies the
concept of “critical reflection” as the highest level of reflective and creative thinking of the
teacher, where the bases of self-examination of the teacher are the moral and ethical criteria. Its
antithesis is the level of narrative reflection (‘descriptive reflection’), the limitations of which is
to analyze the effectiveness of their actions with only one point of view [11].
Educational activity is reflective in nature. In everyday professional activities every teacher
at the empirical level occasionally performs a reflection of their own actions and only in rare
cases this leads to high results, for example, a fundamental change in the bases of action. G.
Claxton [9], V. Krajewski [3], S.T. Taubayeva [9] in their studies substantiate that the
spontaneous formation of pedagogical reflection as a result of the accumulation of professional
experience is not observed. Thus, the scientist G. Claxton notes that “the capacity for reflection
and self-regulation depends on the complex association study skills and personal qualities of
students who need to develop. People should learn to reflect, just as they learn to use their
imagination or literacy. Students do not come to us with an already pre – level reflection” [5,
p.193]. The scientist C. T. Taubayeva encourages local teachers to develop reflective culture and
identifies it as one of the main ideas of a modern educational paradigm [11, p.113]. The leading
factors in the development of the teachers’ research activities are specially arranged conditions
of professional teacher training based on an analytical understanding of their concrete
experience.
Teacher researching involves teachers directly in the selection of immediate and
compelling topics to explore with respect to their own practice. “Teachers-researchers are
autonomous, responsible agents who direct their own work and their own professional
development,” UW Madison Education professor Kenneth Zeichner says.
Depending on the program, teachers’ individual studies range in format and content. Many
teachers write journals documenting their research experience or find some other way to keep
detailed records of their observations of discussions with students. These records help teachers
challenge the way they think about their teaching.
Other kinds of teacher researches include ongoing discussions of practice; data analysis of
observations, interviews and document collection; the written essays that interpret and analyze
various aspects of schooling. Some teacher researching involves posing and investigating a
specific question, while other projects focus simultaneously on several questions. While some
research projects primarily attempt to develop a better understanding of practice, others also aim
at improving it. Some studies focus on specific classroom issues, while others move beyond the
classroom to the issues that are school wide or larger.
The degree to which “outside” research is incorporated into the teachers’ studies varies
widely. For example, in Brookline, Mass., some teachers-researchers used concepts, questions
and ideas from the external research as the starting point for their own research; others used
external researches as a resource later on in the research process; and some chose not to use
external researches.
Although there is a growing amount of testimony about the positive outcomes of this kind
of research, Zeichner says one should not draw immediate conclusions about its value from this
testimony alone. For example, many of the claims about the value of the teacher research are
anecdotal in nature rather than the result of systematic studies of teachers’ research experiences.
And even if the accuracy of the claims is accepted, there is little information about how the
research is conducted or supported, making it hard to know how to replicate this success. Yet, in
spite of these concerns, teachers researchers forge ahead. Zeichner says teachers are engaged in
this kind of research because they see its relevance to their work and because they seek to better
understand, or change their classroom practice. Advocates claim that the teacher research helps
teachers become more flexible and open to new ideas, narrow the gap between teachers’
aspirations and realizations, and heighten the quality of student learning.
102
Teachers are motivated to conduct research in their own classrooms for a variety of
reasons. They include the desire to know more about student learning. Many of them developed
a new appreciation for the knowledge their students bring to class. In some cases there is
evidence that this increased effort to listen to students and led to more democratic and interactive
work in the classroom.
Participants in the Teacher Study Groups at the Lawrence School in Brookline, Mass.
critically examine, explore and affirm their work, placing teacher knowledge at the center of the
inquiry process. Teachers’ perspective broadens as they question their assumptions about
themselves and their students and develop new perspectives toward teaching and learning.
Changes in perspective lead to changes in teachers’ professional identities as they learn to more
clearly articulate their ideas about education.
Unlike many other professional development experiences, the teacher research promotes
particular kinds of teacher and student learning that many teachers find valuable. The evidence
from recent reports shows that, under the right conditions (see below), engaging in teacher
research validates the importance of the work teachers do and helps them to become more
confident about their ability to promote student learning, become more proactive in dealing with
difficult situations arising in their teaching, acquire habits and skills of inquiry used beyond the
research experience to analyze their teaching and develop or rekindle an excitement about
teaching.
Zeichner also sees evidence of links between conducting the teacher research under
particular conditions and improvement in students’ attitudes, behavior and learning, although he
says these improved student outcomes have not always been reported in sufficient detail.
From his studies of teacher research programs nationwide Zeichner has condensed a set of
attributes that appear to be important in transforming the teacher and student learning.
Creating a culture of inquiry that respects the voices of teachers and the knowledge they
bring to the research experience educators should consider the teacher research as seriously as
other kinds of inquiry and should evaluate it on the basis of both moral and educational criteria.
Investment in teachers’ intellectual capital results in the teachers having control over more
aspects of the research process. When teachers lacked the ability to determine their own research
focus, they reacted negatively to what they saw as an administrative attempt to increase control
over them. Working in a group where all members are engaged in self-study seems to help
teachers develop new dispositions and skills to work collaboratively. Teacher researchers said
they valued the difficulty and challenges provided by group discussions about their work.
Studies of programs in Wisconsin and Massachusetts have provided important information
about the ways facilitators of local research groups structure group discussions about the
research process (e.g., determining several possible data collection tools) and group discussion
norms (e.g., posing clarifying questions). Sponsors of the teacher research range from teachers
themselves to school districts and teachers’ unions, to state departments of education and
foundations. Some universities and colleges offer specific courses on teacher research, support
teacher research graduate work and organize and support teacher research on a broad scale.
Making a commitment to the teacher research as professional development represents a
long term investment in building teachers’ capacity to exercise their judgment and leadership
abilities and to improve learning for themselves and their students. It is not a form of
professional development that will produce quick fixes for the complex and ongoing problems of
schooling, Zeichner says. Nor will it compensate for the unsatisfactory working conditions
teachers must often endure, or the failure of our society to provide the social preconditions
necessary for the educational success of all students. But when the teacher research is organized
and supported it can become an experience of great importance to teachers and have a clear
impact on teaching and learning.
103
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