Филологические науки
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to the pragmatic . The lowest level of equivalence ̶ is equiv alent in the syntactic level. It is achieved when the unit can be translated. The equivalence on the syntactic level is possible in the case if, for example, as a predicate acts not the word but phrase (look after). The equivalence on the semantic level is often caused by failure to maintain the passive voice or impersonal forms of the verb in the translation. On a pragmatic level a pragmatic aspect of the text must be preserved in translation at any circumstances [8, c. 215]. V.N Komissarov formulated the definition of equivalence as follows: ‘equivalence is the maximum possible linguistic proximity of the translated text to the original text’ [9, c. 152]. It is a short and comprehensive definition than the ones given above, but it puts forward a similar requirement to the translation equivalence. English scientist Catford also tried to give a definition of ‘equivalence’. He provides a common definition of translation, according to which the translation is the replacement of textual material in one language, to the translated text in another. According to this definition, the main problem in translation is to find the translation equivalents. Catford believes that equivalence in translation can be identified by comparison of texts in different languages. By systematic substitutions (switching) in one text and observation of transformation in another text. In this concept the final aim ISSN 2411-8745 Number 1 (2016), 103 - 110 ҚазХҚжӘТУ ХАБАРШЫСЫ «ФИЛОЛОГИЯ ҒЫЛЫМДАРЫ» сериясы 107 of the translation process is just the condition of texts equivalence. The equivalence can be considered when it has constant correspondence which is independent from the context [10, c. 174]. At the same time Catford offers the term ‘transfer’ instead of ‘translation’. He denies the concept of equivalence as an opportunity to recreate the word of the source language by means of language translation. But the absence of equivalences, does not prevent an adequate transfer of the content in another way. i.e. a variational correspondence, except for that equivalents which are permanent and constant. Variational correspondence is established between the words when the target language has the range of synonyms with the words to convey the same meaning of the original word. In English, the word motherland is not ambiguous; it has only a single constant meaning отан (родина), but in Kazakh translation the translator has to choose one of the variational correspondence, based on the context of use: отан, туған жер, ата-мекен, ел-жұрт . Each of these Kazakh words has one common meaning but they are used differently due to the context and situation. For example, отан is the country where you live, туған жер is the place where you were born and so on. Catford’s theory plays a big role in the subsequent development of translation studies. He declares that the term ‘equivalence’ is the key in determining translation in translation theory; the central task is to determine the nature of translation equivalence and the conditions for its achievement. In modern translation theory there are three main approaches to the definition of ‘equivalence’. жүктеу/скачать 1,6 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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