Introduction:
Societies can differ markedly in their systems of thought. This evidence
concerns a comparison of the societies, philosophical orientations, and
scientific outlooks of these highly sophisticated cultures: those of ancient
China and Greece where the social and cognitive differences were related.
Sociocognitive homostatic systems
There is substantial evidence to indicate that Easterners are not
concerned with contradiction in the same way as are Westerners. They have
a greater preference for compromise solutions and holistic arguments. They
are more willing to move their beliefs in the direction of an argument, even
when it is the weak one. Finally, when asked to justify their choices, they
seem to more to compromise, choose the “middle way” instead of referring
to a dominating principle.
The cause of different thinking
1.
The origin of Sociocognition Systems
Chinese civilization was based on agriculture, which entailed that
substantial cooperation with neighbors was necessary to carry out economic
activities in an effective way. China was organized at the level of the large
state very early on, and society was complex and hierarchical [3]. The
Emperor and the bureaucracy were everpresent controlling factors in the
lives of individual Chinese [4]. Harmony and social order were thus central
to Chinese society. Such economic and social arrangements generally
associated with “collective” or “interdependent” social orientations as
distinguished from “individualistic” or” independent” social orientations
that are characteristic of societies with economies based on hunting, fishing,
trading or the modern market economy.
In contrast, the Greek economy was not completely dependent on
agriculture [5]. The sort of ecology was more suited to herding and fishing
than to largescale agriculture. The sense of personal agency could have
been the natural response to the genuine freedom that they experience in
their less socially complex society.
The politically decentralized Greek cities also provided great scope of
action as compared to Chinese cities. Greeks who wished to leave one city
for another were free to do so: the sea provided an escape route for dissidents.
ISSN 2411-8745
Number 1 (2016), 244 - 248
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In addition, Greeks were involved in trade of one of the crossroads of the
world. Thus they would have had plenty to pique their curiosity and much
to discuss. The nature of social relations meant that debate would have
posed few interpersonal risks and the authority structure of the city state
was too weak to prevent the free expression of opinion. Indeed for Athens
and other city states debate was an integral part of the political system.
During the Renaissance, the West recapitulated some of the Greek social
forms and intellectual tradition, including the rediscovery of science. The
invention of the printing press greatly enhanced the conditions of freedom
of thought. Ironically, though the Chinese invented movable type before the
Europeans did, it was suppressed in China, on the quite correct grounds that
the authority of the government would be undermined by it.
The stronger social network might produce a more holistic orientation
to the world and the type of activity also creates holistic orientation. The
farmers in a number of societies are more field dependent that hunters,
herders or industrialized people.
The systems of though exist in homeostasis with the social practices
that surround them (Table 1).
The both of these types of thinking exist in people’s consciousness, but
each gains more priority or becomes more preferable because of different
circumstances or requirements of society and social components. Earlier
we say that human activity influences on creation of way of thinking and
such activities as fishing, hunting, trading and also modern business and
capitalistic market create analytic thinking, so skills of analytic thinking are
more adaptive and preferable for modern life. And then the Westerners can
be more competitive in new conditions of Global market. Therefore, some
Eastern countries find a good solution in interpretation and blending of two
types of thinking.
The case of Japan
If we look at Japanese “economic miracle” we can see that they can
balance between two different social cognitive systems. They demonstrated
that social, political and economic revolution made the Revolution of social
consciousness. And the result of this revolution was not disappearance of
holistic thinking, but combination of two types of thinking with priority of
holistic thinking.
ISSN 2411-8745
Number 1 (2016), 244 - 248
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Table 1 The systems of though exist in homeostasis with
the social practices
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