Халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
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| Baigunakov D.
Professor of the Department of Archeology, Ethnology and Museology of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University PROBLEMS OF STUDYING THE TRANSITION FROM NEOLITE TO ENEOLITE IN KAZAKHSTAN The Neolithic era in Kazakhstan is represented by more than 800 monuments. It also highlights several archaeological cultures (Atbasar, Mahandzhar, Oyukli, Toulouse, etc.), which were traditionally regarded as a historical and cultural continuation of local Mesolithic objects. There are about 3-4 times less Eneolithic monuments. They were mainly studied since the second half of the last century, especially since 1980, when monuments of the Botai culture cometo the scientific community. Studies on the settlements of Botai radically changed the existing ideas about the Eneolithic Kazakhstan.At this time, there is a need for a comprehensive reconstruction of the cultural and historical process throughout the Neolithic-Eneolithic era, especially during the transitional phase of the two historical and cultural stages of humanity. It should be noted that in the late Neolithic and early Eneolithic period, in the modern Kazakhstan territory, a complex of factors developed (a peculiar paleo-graphical environment, the development of stone industry, an integrated economic structure, wide production of ceramics), which allowed forming a system of monuments in various regions archaeological inventory, location and specialization 31 of settlements and sites (fishing and stockbreeding), types of various structures and economic activities. Due to this complex of factors, many Kazakhstan archaeological cultures of the Neolithic and Eneolithic were identified. The development of economic complexes gradually led to the transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic period. This transition was not a quick process, for some time the Neolithic and Eneolithic complexes coexisted, had developed the skills of everyday life and took innovative and technical experiences from each other.Intensive contacts, exchange and adaptation to new technologies led to the gradual transition. This is vividly illustrated by the complex of Atbasar and Botai cultures (V. F.Zaibert), which coexisted in parallel. Also, the transition to a new historical and cultural period can be clearly seen from materials of the Zhezkazgan monuments (A.Kh. Margulan) and is partially reflected in the industries of the multi-layered Shidertin’splaces (V.K.Merts).The expansion of cultural ties and interactions in the late Neolithic or early Eneolithic periods stimulated a complete transition to a productive economy, most clearly reflected in the early horse breeding of the Northern Kazakhstan. Unfortunately, in other regions of Kazakhstan, issues of the cultural characteristics of the transition from Neolithic to the Eneolithic periods are poorly reflected. The lack of knowledge of entire regions, the lack of systematic researches, specific radiocarbon dates and scientific and natural data on materials of monuments, as well as different technical and typological interpretation of the stone industry and other problems do not allow us to trace the stages of this transition.These issues can be resolved by conducting a full mapping of famous Neolithic and Eneolithic monuments, expanding the archaeological search and excavation works, the widespread use of interdisciplinary methods, and so on. |