Sensing the concern for increasing the openings for higher
educational opportunity in the region, many developed countries both
within the region and outside have come in a large way to establish their
teaching and training centers in a number of countries. More recently
“transnational education” as a distinct class is emanating from countries
like USA, Australia, UK, France and a few others for the countries that
77
cannot expand the institutional base for want of adequate human and other
resources. Though, this is not a major thrust in countries like China and
India, transnational education is substantial in many of economically well-
developed countries of the region like Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore
and to some extent Philippines.
V. Through Diversification
Consequent to the phenomenal growth of knowledge and the
emergence of many multi-disciplinary subject areas, the range of
educational offering have also increased substantially. Computer and
computer related information technology area denote the domain of new
knowledge emerging as a key sector of education. Areas like,
Biotechnology, Management, New material sciences, Bio-medical
engineering and the like are the examples of inter and multi-disciplinary
areas. Besides, diversity also comes from the variety of new delivery
system by the educational providers. In fact, the universities have become
only one of the many actors in providing higher education. Examples of
other providers include:
1. Telecommunication, cable and satellite companies,
2. Publishers including News paper groups, who are designing and
delivering course materials, sometimes in partnership with established
universities.
3.‘Corporate’ Universities and other units run courses and
4.The Virtual Universities.
All these trends seen in higher education like, Expansion,
privatization, Diversification, Emergence of non-traditional and non-
university type of educational provisions and the growing relevance of
transnational education brings in the concern for quality and standards of
the education offered for both local and international consumption. This
concern has resulted in the establishment of national Quality Assurance
mechanisms as a part the higher education system.
Quality Assurance and Accreditation in the region
The term Quality Assurance is the European version of the American
process of Accreditation of the academic institutions and programs. The
concern about quality of education and quality assurance through a
suitable external mechanism is evident from the fact that more than 130
national quality assurance agencies in about 100 countries have been
established in the past decade or so. These National Quality Assurance
Agencies (NQAA), were originally conceived to serve the national interests.
By and large their outcomes are designed either to promote quality
enhancement or to ensure the accountability of the higher educational
institutions to the providers, which happen to be in most of the third world
countries, their respective governments. Many of the Asia-Pacific countries
have already established their national Quality Assurance Agencies,
including Australia, China, India, Japan, Philippines and Korea. The rest of
the countries are in different stages of establishing such bodies. Being the
78
region with the fastest growing economies in the world, it is making plans to
protect its economic interests by assuring world-class professional
preparations through its institutions of higher learning. In 1996, Center for
Quality Assurance in international Education together with the People’s
Republic of China and Hong Kong, the regions first conference on Quality
Assurance in higher education was held. Couple of years earlier, based on
the recommendations of the New National Policy on Education, India had
established its National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), in
1994 as an autonomous body to assess and accredit all the universities
and colleges, numbering nearly 12000. Already, Japan, New Zealand and
Australia have their national units wholly devoted for this purpose. It is
clear, therefore, that the region is discovering the economic fruits of co-
operation in assuring quality education at the tertiary level. In this they are
not lagging behind any other region in the world. The second major
conference on Quality Assurance in Higher Education under the auspices
of International Network of Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher
Education (INQAAHE) was organized at Bangalore, India, in March, 2001,
where significant progress has been made to have a Asia-Pacific network
of quality Assurance Agencies to promote co-operation in assuring quality
and mutual recognition among the countries of the region.
Qualifications in the context of globalization
What ever may be the unit or process of assessment used by the
national Quality Assurance bodies-institution, faculty, department or
program- the outcome of such assessment should ultimately reflect on the
Qualifications offered by them. In a sense the qualifications offered are the
academic ‘currency’ for the transaction among the nations to promote
academic mobility. Therefore the qualifications should be well denominated
with sufficient and precise description of the purpose, content, duration and
the level in a generic way. Related measures include subject benchmark
details, program specification and the record of student progression. The
development of National Qualifications Framework (NQF) and suitably
retooled National Quality Assurance (NQA) mechanisms are therefore
considered essential to enhance the acceptability of any qualification at the
global level. In India and in a few other countries of the region, adequate
efforts are underway to strengthen the standing of the qualifications
awarded through these strategies.
Impact of internationalization of Education on Quality Assurance
The present nationalistic modes of quality assurance, including
institutional and programmatic accreditation will inevitably have to work in
conjunction and/or give way to global forms of public protection and
educational quality. For serving the global market, it is important that the
overall quality and standards of education available in a country must
conform to certain thresh hold levels to become internationally acceptable.
At the same time one has to realize that doing more or better of what one
has been doing all along may not be enough to be accepted as
79
international education. There must be a certain elements of educational
provisions and the institutional basic infrastructure to make the grade as
the provider of education for the international clientele. Many institutions
are using several generic strategies for this purpose. Implementation of
certain activities such as reorienting the curriculum focusing on the
international needs and expectations, students and faculty exchanges,
technical assistance from others to raise up beyond the national standards
and having international students in the campuses to enhance the
international ambience for the education they offer are some specific
examples. Likewise, emphasis on the development of new skills,
knowledge, attitudes and values in students and faculty that will lead to the
development of certain identified global/international competencies,
promotion of international/intercultural activities in the campus must be
given priority. These may be implemented through either integration or
infusion into teaching, research and services related activities. These
initiatives should be backed up and supported by appropriate policies and
processes at the institutional and/or at government level.
Nearly all the countries of the world have or in the process of
developing quality assessment systems based on the four stage model of
external evaluation of higher education, i.e.,
1. A dedicated coordinating agency,
2. Submission of self-study and self-evaluation report by the
institutions to the agency,
3. A peer review visit, usually on-site and
4. The preparation of a report accrediting on a two-point scale or on
multi-point grade.
Apparently, it would appear that this uniformity might provide a basis
for a strong system of comparable quality assurance leading to the
recognition of the studies and qualifications. However, there are many
variations among countries in the details at each stage. Unless due
emphasis is focused on the specific elements required to internationalize
the higher education units, the outcomes of the national quality assurance
mechanisms may not be indicative of the international quality. However,
this should not be construed as implying that the national quality
assessment is not important for each country. As of now, however the fact
remains that most of the NQA agencies use the method that is not
designed for assessing the elements that contribute to the international
character of education provided.
Fitting into Globalization:
As explained earlier, globalization leads to internationalization of
higher education. This involves expansion of both institutional base as well
as diversification of the delivery systems like distance education,
privatization for additional resources and getting into virtual mode and the
like. The program offerings should also be diversified to meet the specific
needs of global market. While undertaking all these measures, it should be
80
ensured that expansion and diversification efforts are done without
affecting certain minimal thresh hold levels of quality and standards as it
always happen which such rapid expansion occurs particularly in the third
world nations. While expanding, focus must also be on certain generic and
specific skills, competencies and knowledge that are transferable and
therefore usefully applicable anywhere in the world. Internationalization of
higher education also involves certain conscious policy formulations at both
the government and institutional level to integrate or infuse elements that
add to the international character of education as outlined earlier. These
include the efforts to attract foreign students and faculty, encourage
collaborative teaching and research and accelerate diversification of
academic programs that cut across international and inter cultural domains.
Some of the specific initiatives that need to be taken in this regard are
to evolve a regional accord or formal agreement among the governments
to have a common educational structure (e.g., compatible Qualification
Framework) and certain level of quality and standards. The regional
cooperative bodies like UMAP and UCTS, SEAMEO RIHED, AUN, AUAP,
AND ASAHIL, etc., can play an important role in formalizing this accord at
the inter-governmental level.
Like wise Quality Assurance Agencies at the national level should
focus on the efforts of internationalizing the education through assessing
the seriousness of purpose, extent of the efforts taken so far at the policy
and implementation level and above all the facilities and ambience in place
to promote the international education culture. These agencies should be
able to interact with those of the member countries in evolving co-
operatively the instruments and methods of assessment that are applicable
across the region. This may include, shifting the emphasis from specific to
generic parameters, revising the benchmarks and performance indicators
used so far to serve the national mandate. The entire Quality Assurance
process should be made open, transparent and interactive with their
counter parts from the other countries of the region. This should lead to the
evolution of arrangement for Mutual Recognition among National External
Quality Assurance agencies on the line of Washington Accord for the
technical and engineering education.
It must also be possible to evolve entirely different quality assurance
strategies for international education, like the International Quality Review
Process (IQRP) project pilot tested in a number of countries including a
one from the region. The main objective of the project was to ‘promote the
awareness of the need for quality assessment and assurance in the
context of internationalization of higher education, to develop a review
process where by individual institutions can adopt and use a set of
guidelines to make self-assessment and enhance the quality of the efforts
and to strengthen the contribution that internationalization makes to the
quality of higher education.’ In fact, the Quality assurance agencies can
81
effectively function as an instrument for catalyzing the infusion of the
elements that make the higher education truly international.
It may not be out of place even to consider the option of having a
common regional Accrediting body with its own set of instruments and
methods for assessing the institutions offering of not only transnational but
also the national education.
Recognition of Qualifications:
The term, ‘Recognition’ in the higher education context relates to
reciprocal understanding between two or more parties to accept the awards
and qualifications of each other as equal or substantially equal to those of
their own for a variety of academic and professional purposes. The mutual
recognition may be accorded to short courses for credit transfer or to the
institution as a whole covering the entire range of its offering such as
bachelors or masters degrees. As mentioned earlier, ultimately, in practice,
all such recognition narrows down to the recognition of the Qualifications.
When once quality education is ensured and a set of elements that make
the quality education as an international education are implemented,
recognition of the qualifications across the borders become easier. This
can however be hastened and ensured by the National External Quality
Assurance agencies seeking mutual recognition among their counter parts
through appropriate modalities like what is being done by the signatories of
the Washington Accord by agreeing to certain rigorous conditions for
compliance.
Mutual Recognition (MR) of the NEQA agencies is the necessary first
step towards the ultimate recognition of the qualifications or any other
academic outcomes globally. Therefore, the efforts to develop the
appropriate protocol should be undertaken for evolving the mutual
recognition among NEQA agencies of the region. The international
organization like the INQAAHE or its regional unit is the best to initiate the
work. The regional cooperative bodies like UMAP and UCTS, SEAMEO
RIHED, AUN, AUAP, AND ASAHIL, etc., can also play an important role in
promoting mutual recognition among the NEQA bodies of the region.
Even if MR of quality assurance agencies is construed as
accreditation of accrediting bodies, it has to be done using suitable
protocols and formalized. Such stipulations can include the use of common
criteria, policies and procedures for accrediting institutions/programs and
the agencies should agree for mutual monitoring and for information
exchange through appropriate modalities. A beginning has already been
made in this regard in the American Continent and in Europe with success
and their experiences can be adapted to the Asia-pacific region as well.
Mutual Recognition of National External Quality Assurance agencies of the
region can only be a workable answer to the emerging needs for the
recognition of qualifications from a particular country by the others.
82
Reference:
1. Vroeijenstijin, A.I. ‘Towards a Quality Hallmark for Higher
Education and Towards Mutual Recognition of Quality Assessment
Agencies’. Proceedings of the International INQAAHE conference at
Santiago, 1999.
2. Frazer, M. Recognition: The Role of Assessment Agencies. Higher
Education in Europe, vol.xxi no.4. 1996
3. Gnanam, A and Antony Stella. EQA Agencies: A case for Mutual
Recognition. Proceedings of the International INQAAHE conference at
Bangalore, India. 2001.
4. Knight, J. Internationalization of Higher Education: In Quality and
Internationalization in Higher Education. IMHE Publication.1999.
5. Knight, J and Hans de Wit. An Introduction to the IQRP Project and
Process. In Quality and Internationalization in Higher Education. 1999.
6. Peace Lenn. M. The globalization of the Professions and higher
education: Trade agreements, new technologies and the Quality
imperatives. Higher Education in Europe. Vol. xxi. No. 4. 1996.
7. Stella, A. and Gnanam, A. Mutual Recognition of Qualifications in
University Mobility: Practices, Challenges and prospects. Proceedings of
the seminar on Mutual Recognition of qualifications in University Mobility:
Practices, Challenges and Prospects at Tokyo, Japan. 2001.
8. Randall, J. Defining Standards: Developing a Global Currency For
Higher Education Qualifications. Pages 46-56. Proceedings of the
international INQAAHE Conference at Bangalore, 2001.
9. The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England,
Wales and Northern Ireland. QAA, January 2001.
4.2. ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МЕТОДА КАЙДЗЕН,
РЕАЛИЗОВАННОГО В РАМКАХ ПРОГРАММ
СИСТЕМЫ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА КАЧЕСТВА УНИВЕРСИТЕТА
Г.Ш. Саржанова, Ж.К. Ергалиева, Ж.С. Рахманова
Таразский инновационно-гуманитарный университет
(г. Тараз, Казахстан)
В данной статье впервые рассмотрено применение методологии
Кайдзен в высшем учебном заведении. Показана возможность внедрения
метода 5 S на примере учебного процесса высшего учебного заведения
.
«Я поставил амбициозную задачу, чтобы Казахстан стал одной
из 30-ти самых развитых стран мира к середине столетия: это главная
цель нашей стратегии, и мы будем стремиться к ней. Она будет
реализовываться на инновационных, экономических, социальных
принципах развития страны и общества. В этом главная суть
83
казахстанского нового политического курса до середины 21 века», -
так заявил Президент Республики Казахстан Нурсултан Назарбаев на
встрече
с
представителями
дипломатического
корпуса,
аккредитованными в Астане [1].
В настоящее время Запад ориентирован на инновационные
проекты, тогда как Япония ведет к постепенному изменению, т.е.
постоянное улучшение за счет бережливого отношения.
Концепция бережливого мышления и производства - это одно из
актуальнейших направлений развития менеджмента качества в
современном мире. Актуальность данной статьи обусловлена
значимостью
применения
японского
опыта
при
внедрении
методологии «Бережливое производство» в высшем учебном
заведении, поскольку постоянное улучшение является основной
целью системы менеджмента качества.
Цель
работы
–
совершенствование
элементов
системы
менеджмента качества с применением методики Кайдзен. В связи с
этим необходимо рассмотреть улучшение с позиции МС ИСО 9004;
установить возможность внедрения японской концепции управления
5S.
Для того, чтобы успешно развивать предприятия в условиях
конкуренции, которые с каждым днем становятся только жестче, нужно
начинать с простого и двигаться малыми шагами, ведущими к
долгосрочному, устойчивому эффекту. И тогда, не исключено,
философия Кайдзен станет для нас таким же естественным и
обыденным явлением, как для японцев [2].
Используем
инструменты
бережливого
производства
в
рассмотрении процессов высшего учебного заведения. Существуют
такие инструменты бережливого производства:
- ТРМ;
- визуальный менеджмент;
- стандартные операционные процедуры;
- точно вовремя;
- картирование потока создания ценности;
- встроенное качество;
- организация рабочих мест - 5 S [3].
Применим
данные
инструменты
к
основным
процессам
университета,
т.е.
попробуем
совершенствовать
и
улучшить
некоторые показатели процессов. Так как одними из принципов
системы менеджмента качества являются системный и процессный
подход, то рассмотрим один из основных процессов нашего
университета.
Рассмотримк
примеру
учебный
процесс:
порядок
сдачи
промежуточной аттестации студентами. Процесс описан в рабочей
инструкции университета «Проведение и организация промежуточной
аттестации».
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