Kazakh national pedagogical university after Abai хабаршы вестник bulletin «Тарих және саяси-әлеуметтік ғ ылымдар»
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| Kazakhstan's Energy Policy and Caspian Sea Problem
Caspian energy sources transport has three dimensions: economic, political and geostrategic. The economic aspect is based on securing Caspian energy resources transport, finding sources for export projects, and finding the most efficient routes for transporting oil to world markets. The political component is related to the optimal oil transport routes preferred by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, taking into account the struggle of regional and non-regional powers to control the oil and gas exported from the region [4]. The geostrategic dimension is hidden in the fact that the Caspian oil is an excuse to infiltrate the region and to justify its presence there. International energy stability can therefore only be achieved through the commonization of interests of producers of resources and consumers, and the harmonization of global geopolitical players and transnational energy companies' approaches. How the Caspian Sea problem will be addressed in this framework is vital for Kazakhstan and other Caspian states as well as foreign policies of the great powers dealing with hydrocarbon production in the Caspian region. The Caspian Sea is the largest water source in the world. Five riparian countries claim to Caspian sources. Naturally, each of these states develops policies by calculating the specific economic benefits that oil production and transportation of raw materials will obtain. Since interests are changing from country to country, what is needed is the coordination of oil production activities and prudent restrictions. All of the Caspian states in Central Asia and the Caucasus are away from the open seas. This creates problems in the transportation and sale of petroleum to world markets. Despite their declaration of independence, most of them still pass through Russian territory, as pipelines worth billions of dollars are in the Soviet era [5]. Nowadays, the Caspian region is facing various problems that require special attention. These include environmental issues, the construction of pipelines, the promotion of economic relations in various areas, and ВЕСТНИК КазНПУ имени Абая, серия «Исторические и социально-политические науки», №3(58), 2018 г. 106
many more. The most important and urgent one is that the legal status of the Caspian Sea has not yet been determined. A final agreement on the legal status of the Caspian Sea will provide a solid ground for resolving the majority of regional problems. These include the use of the Caspian Sea only for peaceful purposes, the resolution of all disputes related to the Caspian Sea through peaceful means, and the adherence to the basic principles of international law. The removal of the Caspian Sea from its military units and facilities will undoubtedly strengthen the security in the region. Unfortunately, there is a tendency in the Caspian states to collect military power. Russia's nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, as well as the activities of war vessels, make the goal of removing the Caspian Sea from military unions and facilities obscure. Among the filars in the Caspian Sea, the Russian Caspian Sea Fleet is still considered the most powerful fleet. "In the Caspian Sea, Iran has the largest military maritime fleet after Russia. As a matter of fact, it can be said that the process of militarization of the policies of Russia and Iran has determined this situation to a great extent. Ultimately, these countries are the ones responsible for militarization activities in the Caspian region up to a certain point. It should not be forgotten that Iran's approach to the Caspian Sea's legal status differs from that of other states. In addition, the instability of the Ukrainian crisis and the Middle Eastern region (especially in Syria) caused the Caspian Five to overcome the problem of militarization. "The Iranian authorities have clearly stated that they are ready to use force in the event of a sharing of sea floor areas (from Iran's point of view) in the eyes of the people. For this reason, the signing of the" Security Cooperation Agreement "in the Caspian Sea at the Caspian Summit in Baku in 2010 can be considered a 'real breakthrough' in reducing the tension between coastal countries [6]. Within the framework of the agreement, The Fifth has established a mechanism to ensure mutual interaction between border authorities and public authorities in the following areas of cooperation: guarantee of maritime safety, combat with terrorism, organized crime, arms smuggling and drug trafficking. The first step towards the establishment of international military cooperation between the Caspian countries was taken by Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Caspian Sea Filings of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Russia carried out triple sea exercises in the middle part of the Caspian Sea in June and July 2015. The decisive feature of this exercise is that this triple exercise between coastal countries is the first exercise after the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, it should be noted that the process of achieving the highest level of military cooperation among the regional countries will be completed after Iranian military forces in the Caspian Sea integrate into the system of unified measures to ensure security in the region. "Thus, the realization of versatile maritime exercise, can be regarded as a starting point for the creation of cooperation.
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