Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-нің ХАБАРШЫСЫ, «Тарих және саяси-әлеуметтік ғылымдар» сериясы, №3(58), 2018 ж.
59
take vengeance on for the affront put upon his daughter; she had been married to Huneric, Gaiseric’s son, and at
first she was happy with this marriage, but later, since her husband was very cruel even to his children, she was
uglified (they had cut off her nose and ears) and sent back to Gaul to her father for the sole reason that she had
been suspected of making poison (for her husband); having been bereaved of her natural beauty, the poor woman
looked terrifying, and such cruelty, which could move even stranger’s hearts, cried out for vengeance to be
inflicted by her father [7, 184-185].
Jordanes wrote that, despite being an austere man, the ruler of the Huns was very canny and used finesse
before starting a fight. Of course, we are speaking of techniques that have been used throughout history and fit the
timeless formula of ‘the ends justify the means. Indeed, via his messenger, Attila informed the Roman Emperor
Valentinian III that he was not opposed to the Roman Empire but was rather deciding disputes with the King of
the Visigoths.
The Romans took a strong line. Emperor Valentinian sent an embassy to Theodoric, the King of the Visigoths,
with this message:
Bravest of nations, it is the part of prudence for us to unite against the lord of the earth who wishes to enslave
the whole world; who requires no just cause for battle but supposes whatever he does is right. He measures his
ambition by his might. License satisfies his pride. Despising law and right, he shows himself an enemy to Nature
herself. And thus, he who clearly is the common foe of each deserves the hatred of all. Pray remember - what you
surely cannot forget -that the Huns do not overthrow nations by means of war, where there is an equal chance, but
assail them by treachery, which is a greater cause for anxiety. To say nothing about ourselves, can you suffer such
insolence to go unpunished? Since you are mighty in arms, give heed to your own danger and join hands with us
in common. Bear aid also to the Empire, of which you hold a part. If you would learn how such an alliance should
be sought and welcomed by us, look into the plans of the foe [7, 187-188].
By these and other like arguments, Valentinian’s ambassadors prevailed upon King Theodoric. He answered
them, saying:
Romans, you have attained your desire, you have made Attila our foe also. We will pursue him wherever he
summons us, and though he is puffed up by his victories over divers’ races, yet the Goths know how to fight this
haughty foe. I call no war dangerous save one whose cause is weak; for he fears no ill on whom Majesty has
smiled. The nobles shouted assent to the reply and the multitude gladly followed. All were fierce for battle and
longed to meet the Huns, their foe [7, 187-188].
The struggle against the Huns united the Roman Empire, the Visigoths and other unions of Celtic and
Germanic tribes. Old contradictions and struggles were forgotten. The combined army of the Roman Empire, the
Visigoth Kingdom and other tribal alliances of the West was headed by the patrician Flavius Aetius (2). During
the struggle for power in Rome, he had fled to the Huns, who lent him support. Upon returning to Italy in 433
with Hunnish cohorts, Flavius Aetius again occupied a top position in the state and gained command of the armed
forces of the Empire.
During Aetius’s stay in the Kingdom of the Huns, he met the young Attila, his future foe. During his time as a
hostage, Aetius had an opportunity to know the Huns and intimately, particularly important for his later efforts, to
study their organized military capacity and warfare. It is known that Aetius occasionally used Hunnic mercenaries
and excelled in commanding them [8, 516-517].
The Huns turned their aggressive zeal to the West, and at the beginning of 451 Attila launched his campaign.
Fighting for hegemony in Europe, he was also eager to occupy the rich lands of the Kingdoms of the
Burgundians, Visigoths and Franks in Gaul. The subject and allied Germanic tribes such as the Ostrogoths,
Gepids, Skiren, Rugii, Heruli, Thuringians and Alans marched off together with the Huns.
After crossing the Rhine, Attila and his army headed to Trier and then, in two columns, they went to the north-
east of Gaul. The imminent danger – particularly as Europe remembered the first Hunnic invasions - quickly
joined the German allies of the Romans, including those in Gaul - the Visigoths, Burgundians, Franks, and
Saxons. The combined forces of the Western Roman Empire and its allies in Gaul and part of Germany was led
the Roman general Flavius Aetius, who knew the Huns well (2).
According to the opinion of Jordanes, Attila’s army before invasion of Gaul numbered half a million people [7,
182]. It is our belief that the Gothic author warmed up the numbers. Now, however, we can definitely say that
Attila has the army that could amount between 100,000 and 120,000 people maximum: the counter-force
numbered about the same.
In total, 25 large and small tribes had gathered under Attila’s banner. Each of them could field an army of
10,000 soldiers, or one tumen (3). In the event of war, approximately one-third of the riders typically remained
behind to protect their homes (rear areas). In launching a campaign, Attila could have gathered 25x6600 riders,
|