Литературные теории в поэтическом мире джона китса
THE ROMAN INVASION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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| THE ROMAN INVASION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Канатова А.К. - студентка группы Инк 19-1 Научный руководитель: к.п.н., доцент Назарова Г.Ж. ЦАИУ Түйіндеме. Бұл мақалада римдіктердің Ұлыбритания аумағын қалай жаулап алып, олардың мәдениеті, тілі, әдебиеті, сәулетіне үстемдік ете бастағаны туралы тарихи оқиғалар сипатталған. Римдіктердің әсерінен Латын тілі Ұлыбритания аумағында қалай таралатыны туралы тақырып ашылады. Резюме. В этой статье описываются исторические события, как римляне завоевывали территорию Британии и начали доминировать над их культурой, языком, литератарой, архитектурой. Раскрывается тема о том, как под влиянием римлян распространяется латинский язык на территории Британии. The aim of the article is to reveal the topic of the influence of thе Romans on the English language. The Roman Empire is a great state centered in Rome, founded by Emperor Caesar Octavian Augustus. The main religion is Christianity, which they further spread to the conquered lands. [1.p.37.] They were distinguished by a strong army and the construction оf cities. The Roman Conquest of Britain was a long process of conquest of the island of Britain and the Celtic tribes that inhabited it by the Romans, which began in 43 AD. The Roman conquest of Britain played out over a long period of time. [1.p.41.] Even though Britain was viewed as a single country, it was populated by a diverse group of tribes. Some of these tribes already had substantial contact with the continent, while others were far removed. In the meantime, Rome was undergoing change as well. Let’s take a look at how Rome eventually conquered Britain. The Roman conquest of Britain refers to the conquest of the island of Britain by occupying Roman forces. It began in earnest in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, and was largely completed in the southern half of Britain by 87 when the Stanegate was established. Conquest of the far north and Scotland took longer with fluctuating success. The Roman army was generally recruited in Italia, Hispania, and Gaul. To control the English Channel, they used the newly formed fleet. [2] The Romans under their general Aulus Plautius first forced their way inland in several battles against British tribes, including the Battle of the Medway, the Battle of the Thames, and in later years Caratacus's last battle and the Roman conquest of Anglesey. [2] Following a widespread uprising in AD 60 in which Boudica sacked Camulodunum, Verulamium and Londinium, the Romans suppressed the rebellion in the Defeat of Boudica. They went on eventually to push as far north as central Caledonia in the Battle of Mons Graupius. Even after Hadrian's Wall was established as the border, tribes in Scotland and northern England repeatedly rebelled against Roman rule and forts continued to be maintained across northern Britain to protect against these attacks. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south. Between 55 BC and the 40s AD, the status quo of tribute, hostages, and client states withoutdirect military occupation, begun by Caesar's invasions of Britain, largely remained intact. Augustus prepared invasions in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC. The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire, the second because the Britons seemed ready to come to terms. [2] According to Augustus's Res Gestae, two British kings, Dubnovellaunus and Tincomarus, fled to Rome as supplicants during his reign, and Strabo's Geography, written during this period, says Britain paid more in customs and duties than could be raised by taxation if the island were conquered. By the 40s AD, the political situation within Britain was in ferment. The Catuvellauni had displaced the Trinovantes as the most powerful kingdom in south-eastern Britain, taking over the former Trinovantian capital of Camulodunum (Colchester). [3 p.13.] The Atrebates tribe whose capital was at Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) had friendly trade and diplomatic links with Rome and Verica was recognised by Rome as their king, but Caratacus' Catuvellauni conquered the entire kingdom some time after AD 40 and Verica was expelled from Britain. Caligula may have planned a campaign against the Britons in AD 40, but its execution was unclear: according to Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars, he drew up his troops in battle formation facing the English Channel and, once his forces had become quite confused, ordered them to gather seashells, referring to them as "plunder from the ocean due to the Capitol and the Palace". Alternatively, he may have actually told them to gather "huts", since the word musculi was also soldier's slang for engineers' huts and Caligula himself was very familiar with the Empire's soldiers. In any case this readied the troops and facilities that would make Claudius' invasion possible three years later. For example, Caligula built a lighthouse at Bononia (modern Boulogne-sur-Mer), the Tour D'Ordre, that provided a model for the one built soon after at Dubris (Dover). [3 p.19] In 54 B.C., while Julius Caesar, the Roman statesman, and military general, he led an expedition to Britain.[4 p.129.] This expedition wasn’t very successful, so he came back the next year with a greater number of soldiers and managed to get some local British tribes to promise submission to Rome. Then Caesar left. The next year in 55 B.C. Caesar again came to Britain and this time with large forces (25.000). The Celts failed. Over the course of the next 20 years or so, they established legions at several important strongholds in Britain, including Londinium, which of course became London, and Eboracum, which became York. The Romans established fortified sites throughout the country and connected them to each other with their famous Roman roads. Some of these roads are still quite important in English life today.[4 p.133.] The Roman engineers were so good that when later engineers needed to plan the modern motorways, they often just used the routes of the Roman roads. York, Gloucester, Lincoln became the chief Roman towns. London became a center for trade. In the early 2nd century, the Romans built a wall clear across what is now northern England, under Emperor Hadrian. The wall started from the mouth of the Tyne River in the east and continued till the mouth of the Solway Firth in the west, to mark off the territory they were prepared to defend. [4 p.140.] To the south of the wall was a civilized territory. To the north, there were barbarian tribes, people who painted themselves blue and fought naked, people the Romans were just as happy not to mess with. By AD 410 the city of Rome was under attack and the empire was falling apart. So the Romans had to leave Britain. The Romans built 10,000 miles of road across Britain. Romans built a fort beside the River Thames. Towns are designed in a grid. Streets criss-crossed the town to form blocks called insulae. They spoke Latin, and it wasn’t long before some Britons started to use it too. Latin was also the language of Christianity and remained the universal language of learning, law and literature for 1000 years after the end of the Roman Empire.[5] So, Romans first encountered Britain, with the objective of conquering it, in 55 B.C. This, however, was primarily a personal adventure of Caesar. The official Roman conquest of Britain began in A.D. 43 and continued right through to A.D. 122 when the construction of Hadrian’s Wall took place. The construction of the Antonine Wall happened in A.D. 142. Even after this northern tribes continued to rebel against Roman rule, which forced the Roman Empire to maintain forts in the north to defend its position. Their main goal was to make their empire as big and powerful as possible. They were also seeking natural resources, such as precious metals, slaves, and farmland.[5] . Britain had lots of materials including iron, lead, copper, silver, and gold that the Romans needed to support their growing empire and army. An image first used in classical antiquity, the Latin Britannia was the name variously applied to the British Isles, Great Britain, and the Roman province of Britain during the Roman Empire. They gave us new towns, plants, animals, a new religion and ways of reading and counting. Even the word 'Britain' came from the Romans. Britain had no proper roads before the Romans – there were just muddy tracks. So the Romans built new roads all across the landscape – over 16,000km (10,000 miles) in fact. How long were the Romans in Britain? A: Britain was part of the Roman empire from AD 43 to 410 so it functioned as part of the Roman empire for 367 years. Literature sources С.Железнова, И.Спашева, А.Мухсинова.История английского языка: Учебное пособие.-Астана: Фолиант, 2010. https://www.schoolsofkingedwardvi.co.uk/ks2-history-roman-britain-2e-romanisation/ В.Д. Аракин «История английского языка», Москва,2009г. Расторгуева, Т.А. История английского языка: Учебник / Т.А.Расторгуева. – 3-е изд., стереотип. – М., 2007. (на англ. яз.) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain УДК : 811.111 жүктеу/скачать 1,4 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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