Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
utility - зд. общественная полезность
to be related to - быть связанным с
quantity - количество
to be available - быть в наличии, быть доступным
excess - избыток, излишек
to decrease - уменьшаться, убывать
to increase - возрастать, увеличиваться
to diminish - уменьшать, убывать
to reduce - понижать, сокращать
to rate - оценивать, определять
Read and translate the Text
UTILITY AND PRICES
Our basic needs are simple, but our additional individual wants are often very
complex. Commodities of different kinds satisfy our wants in different ways. A
banana, a bottle of medicine and a Textbook satisfy very different wants. The banana
cannot satisfy the same wants as the Textbook. This characteristic of satisfying a
want is known in economics as its utility. Utility, however, should not be confused
with usefulness. For example, a submarine may or may not be useful in time of
peace, but it satisfies a want. Many nations want submarines. Economists say that
utility determines "the relationship between a consumer and a commodity
,
\ Utility
varies between different people and between different nations. A vegetarian does not
want meat, but may rate the utility of bananas very highly, while a meat-eater may
prefer steak. A mountain-republic like Switzerland has little interest in submarines,
while marine nations rate them highly. Utility varies not only in relation to individual
tastes and to geography, but also in relation to time. In wartime, the utility of bombs
is high, and the utility of pianos is low. Utility is therefore related to our decisions
about priorities in production - particularly in a centrally-planned economy. The
production of pianos falls sharply in wartime. The utility of a commodity is also
related to the quantity which is available to the consumer. If paper is freely available,
people will not be so interested in buying too much of it. If there is an excess of
paper, the relative demand for paper will go down. We can say that the utility of a
commodity therefore decreases as the consumer's stock of that commodity increases.
A special relationship exists between goods and services on the one hand, and a
consumer and his money, on the other. The consumer's desire for a commodity tends
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to diminish as he buys more units of that commodity. Economists call this tendency
the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (закон убывающей предельной
полезности).
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