We shall discuss three different theoretical views of language and language
proficiency.
The first, the most traditional of the three, is the structural view. It is the view
that language is a system of structurally related elements for the coding of
meaning. The target of language learning is to master the elements of this system:
1. phonological units (phonemes);
2. grammatical units ( clauses, phrases, sentences);
3. grammatical operation ( adding, shifting,
joining, or transforming
elements);
4. lexical items ( function words and structure words ).
The Audio lingual method embodies this particular view of language and such
contemporary methods as Total Physical Response (TRR) and the Silent Way.
The second view of the language is the functional view – view that language
is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning. The communicative
movement in language teaching subscribes to this theory hold that language
teaching content should be organized by categories of meaning and function
rather than by elements of structure and grammar. The syllabus will include not
only elements of grammar and vocabulary but also specify the topics, notions and
concepts the learner needs to communicate about.
The third view of language can be called interactional view. It sees language
as a vehicle for the realization of interpersonal relation. Language is seen as a tool
for social relation. This theory includes interaction analysis, conversation analysis
ethno methodology. It focuses on the
patterns
of moves, acts, negotiation and
interaction found in conversational exchanges. Language teaching content may be
specified and organized by
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