Молодой учёный

16

«Молодой учёный»  .  № 7.2 (87.2)   .  Апрель, 2015  г.

Технические науки

тының ылғалдылығы анықталуы тиіс. Өйткені ылғал-

дылық — шаңның көтерілуі мен тарылуына тікелей әсер 

ететін басты фактор. Бұл фактордың шаңды басудағы тех-

нологиялық процестерге де әсері ерекше болады.

Бұл жерден атап кететін бір жайт, табиғатта әр түрлі құ-

былыстардың арасында өзара ортақ байланыстардың бо-

латыны анық. Ендеше, біз қарастырып отырған жағдайда 

бұл құбылысты шаң деп алатын болсақ, онда оның пайда 

болуына әсер етуші факторларды жатқызуымызға бо-

лады: қозғалыс қарқындылығы мен жылдамдығы, жолдың 

(немесе көше-жол торабының) инертті материалдармен 

қоқыстану деңгейі, ауа қабатының (немесе қоқыстың) 

ылғалдығы және т. б. [4,5].

Расында да шаң өздігінен пайда болмайды. Ол қандай 

да бір факторлардың әсері арқылы туындайды. Айталық, 

жылдамдығы V

1

 шағын жел тұрды делік, онда ашық алаң 

бетіндегі топырақтың ауа қабатына көтеріле бастаған-

дығын байқауға болады. Бұл арада шаңның туындауына 

екі фактор әсер етті: жел жылдамдығы мен топырақ. Ары 

қарай жел жылдамдығы артқын сайын шаң деңгейі де кө-

теріле түседі. Енді осы құбылысқа үшінші факторды бай-

ланыстырып көрелік. Бұл- топырақтың ылғалдылығы. 

Егер ылғалдық жоғары болса, онда шаң деңгейіне желдің 

әсер етуі күрт өзгереді, соңғысы қанша күшейгенімен шаң 

деңгейі тұрақты шамаға айналады [3,4].

Біздер, жоғарыдағыдай, табиғатта туындайтын әрбір 

құбылыстың бірнеше факторға байланысты күшейетінді-

гінде, төмендейтіндігін де күнделікті өмірден байқаймыз, 

әр өзіміз де осы факторлардың өсіп төмендеуіне себепші 

болып жатады.. Адамзат тіршілігі үшін қажеттіліктен 

туған сондай факторлардың бірі-көлік. Көлік шаңның 

туындау құбылысында көп факторлы әсер етеді: біріншісі, 

қоршаған ортаға механикалық (газ, шу, діріл) әсер етуі; 

екіншісі, динамикалық әсері. Көліктік шаңның туында-

уына соңғы әсердің ықпалы да зор [1,2].

Зерттеу жұмыстарының барысында ауа қабатының 

шаңдану деңгейіне жоғарыда аталған факторлармен бірге 

қос ағындағы көлік құралдарының қозғалыс қарқын-

дылығы мен жол жиегіне жиылған қоқыстың ылғал-

дылығы да тікелей әсер ететіндігі байқалады [2,3].

Әдебиет:

1.  Киялбаев А. К Экологическая безопасностьпри эксплутация автомобильных дорог и городских улиц. — Ал-

маты: НИЦ Ғылым, 2003.-300с

2.  Борисюк Н. В, Киялбаев А. К. Экологическое состояние городских улиц и дорог и факторы его определения

3.  Чулаков П. Ч. Теория и практика обеспыливания атмосферных карьеров. — М….Недра, 1973. — 160с

4.  Семутникова Е. Г. МашкинА. Б, Никитин Е. В, Раткин И. Н. Исследование уровня загрязнение атмосферного 

воздуха вдоль крупных городских магистралей в 1998 г.

5.  ПР РК 218-29-03 Технические правила ремонта и содержания автомобильных дорог. — Астана Минтранском 

РК, 2003.–335 с.

17

“Young Scientist”  .  #7.2 (87.2)  .  April 2015

Ecology

Э КОЛ О Г И Я

The role of science and education in the management of solid waste in the region

Бурханов Бахытжан Жамбылович, кандидат технических наук, профессор; 

Тулегенова Айнур Максуткызы, преподаватель; 

Бейсенбайкызы Лаззат, преподаватель; 

Абуова Мереке Муратовна, студент

Университет «Болашак» (г. Кызылорда, Казахстан)

Burhanov Bakytzhan Zhambylovich, candidate of technical sciences assistant professor; 

Tulegenova Aynur Maksutkyzy, teacher; 

Beysenbaykyzy Lazzat, teacher; 

Abuova Mereke Muratkyzy, student

University «Bolashak» (Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan)

E

conomic level of the country and its competitiveness on 

the world scene in the first place depends on the intellec-

tual potential of society gained from the development of sci-

ence and education.

The system of education and science in Kazakhstan 

should correspond to the purposes and principles of sustain-

able development in particular in training, are able to solve 

environmental problems.

In the experience of developed countries, it should be 

noted that universities play a special role in the system of sci-

entific research engaged not only the education and training 

of specialists, but also basic and apptied research in the nat-

ural and engineering sciences and humanities.

Accelerated industrial and innovative development of the 

Republic of Kazakhstan and the associated expansion of pro-

duction capacity, the introduction of new enterprises and the 

growth of consumption of goods and services to the public 

involve the formation and accumulation of large amounts of 

waste production and consumption. [1, с. 3]

Therefore at this time, the priority is to study the issue of 

waste management scientists and universities in the country 

to develop a regional policy, taking into account ecological, 

economic, social and demographic situation.

The effectiveness of the implementation of this policy will 

depend on the actual transition to sustainable social ecolog-

ical and economic development of the region.

The reduction in the accumulation of domestic and indus-

trial waste is one of the main objectives of a number stra-

tegic documents, such as the concept of ecological secu-

rity of Kazakhstan for 2004–2015., Concept of Transition to 

sustainable Development for 2007–2024., Branch program 

''Zhasyl damu''on 2010–2014., territorial strategic plans 

and programs on waste management. Despite the abun-

dance of programs, we still have not established a system of 

waste production and consumption. [2, с. 2]

Across the country, there pockets of illegal dumping, 

it can be seen outside the town or village the public is not 

aware of the latest methods of disposal actual formation of 

solid domestic waste (hereinafter-MSW) there is no single 

database record data on education, collection and disposal of 

waste production and consumption.

Therefore in the strategic documents of the Ministry of 

Environment and water Resources of Kazakhstan in the pe-

riod 2009–2011, the volume of accumulated waste produc-

tion and consumption ranges from 22 billion. To 43billion 

tons.

According to the latest information from the Ministry of 

Environment and water resources of Kazakhstan, the country 

has already accumulated more than 100million. Tons of solid 

waste. Annual growth was been about 5–6 million tons, of 

which processed more than 5 %, and the rest are placed so 

called polygons or simply if the dumps.

In fact, landfills for solid waste collection does not hold 

waster.

In practice, it's highlighted on the outskirts of the site, 

where all. Imported solid waste consumption which due to 

the lack of processing burned, and some carried by the wind 

across the country.

And the fact that burning plastic bottles, plastic bags, 

when burned emit toxic gas causing the risk of developing 

cancer nobody cares. And today, someone continues to burn 

the contents of dustbins poisoning the environment with a 

mixture of poisonous dioxins and other derivatives.

During long-term storage of solid waste can be con-

verted into other substances with different physicochemical 

and toxic properties. This leads to the appearance of new 

18

«Молодой учёный»  .  № 7.2 (87.2)   .  Апрель, 2015  г.

Экология

landfills environmentally hazardous substances that pose a 

serious threat to nature and human health. Biogenic effects 

of solid waste on the environment create favorable condi-

tions for the breeding of rodent's insects and microorgan-

isms, resulting in reprimanded bacteria and viruses over 

long distances.

Research conducted by Russian scientists found that 

around landfills dynamic zone formed halos multicomponent 

contamination of surface and groundwater with high tem-

peratures toxic filtered (about 400-500C

0

) arising out of the 

landfill. Heat the filtrate caused the exothermic chemical re-

action in the waste.

Concurrently a depressing effect on the near — surface 

layers of the atmosphere, gaseous compounds, dioxins, fu-

rans and other components are formed by chemical reactions 

in the interior of the landfill.

As a Nile, ground layers of air above the solid waste land-

fill contaminated by dust, foot, pesticides and other fine par-

ticles, that rise up creating air currents and pollute the envi-

ronment in the landfill area within a radius of 3km. Geological 

environment and especially the unsaturated zone around the 

landfill are experiencing increased stress.

In developed countries, in the future, it is planned to 

abandon the method of disposal of solid waste landfill. [3, 

с. 4]

Currently, in the Republic of virtually all waste disposed 

of in landfill for disposal, thus in addition to the landfill of As-

tana, no landfill does not meet the health standards and en-

vironmental standards burial provided SN RK 1.04-15-2002.

Date on municipal waste landfill in the territory of Kyzy-

lorda region represented by the department of Environment 

of Kyzylorda region of the Ministry of Environment and water 

Resources of Kazakhstan are shown in Table № 1.

As can be seen from this table, only 2 % of polygons legal-

ized in 13 settlements existent space for solid waste.

Not avoidable in the Republic of musorperegruzochnye 

(sorting) station, waste sorting and recovery of secondary 

material resources and biodegradable fraction isn't utilized 

to produce «green» energy and compost. In practice, the un-

developed system of separate waste collection and sorting of 

solid waste at the source of education.

Table № 2 shows the number of information collection and 

disposal of solid waste, provided by department of Environ-

ment and ISO BP RK, from which it follows in only 9 of the 

Table

 1. Date on municipal waste landfills Kyzylorda region

Name of field

Number of settlements

Population thousand pers.

Number of municipal 

waste landfill.

The indicator isn't legalized 

polygons

%

The amount of 

waste placed in 

landfills, kl.

Disposal com. waste thus

Decisions on the availability 

laity of land acquisition for 

landfills

The total accumulation of waste 

1 pers, t

Accumulated waste for 2013

 1 

person, T

only

Legit-

mated

Not 

legalized

All

2013

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Kyzylorda

158

721

45

3

142

97.9

913.2

181.4

13.3

142

1.26

0.25

Table

 2. Information about the collection and disposal of municipal waste Kyzylorda region

Name of 

field

Number 

of regions 

and cities

Number of 

companies

Number of 

settlements

Number of 

settlements 

covered 

services

Volumes 

of waste 

disposal 

for the 

2013 tones

Number of 

settlements, 

which doesn't 

provide 

services for 

the collection 

and disposal of 

waste materials

Indicator 

settlements 

pips, which 

doesn't 

provide 

services %

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Kyzylorda

9

18

158

9

181.4

149

94.3

19

“Young Scientist”  .  #7.2 (87.2)  .  April 2015

Ecology

158 settlements use the services of companies for the collec-

tion and removal of solid waste, and the remaining 149 vil-

lages, representing 95 % this kind of services aren't covered.

And because of this it should be noted that.

 

— The absence of active government support for the issue 

of solid waste management, including collection, transport 

and processing:

 

— Is not an effective regulatory framework:

 

— Poor infrastructure of the circulation of waste:

 

— Underdevelopment of waste collection points of the 

population:

 

— Lack of economic incentives to involve secondary re-

sources extracted from solid waste.

No tenement of the rate of accumulation of solid waste per 

capital in the country, so the regions have a wide range of in-

dicators of annual output per person per year, which distorts 

the date in the collection and reporting.

In particular in Kyzylorda differentiated rate of accumula-

tion were last approved still November 21.1999, № 1033, al-

though according to the standards they should be reviewed 

every 5 years, and if necessary after 2 years. If should be 

noted that almost all landfills Kazakhstan no scale waste re-

ceiving area and their tonnage set by transfer cubic meters 

per ton, and the bulk weight is taken from 200 to 300 kg. 

While in Europe their volume weight is about 100–150 kg.

Analysis of the morphological composition of waste by 

region shows large differences in its composition and its 

share. Based on the morphological composition of the av-

erage number of secondary materials contained in the solid 

waste is about 30 % of the paper and paperboard, 15–20 % 

glass, 10.5 % metal, 30 % plastic, 15–20 % others. In in-

dustrialized countries packaging is 30 % by weight and 50 % 

by volume, and an appreciable amount up bulky waste. (fur-

niture, appliances ete.)

Information on the morphological composition of MSW 

Kyzylorda, taken on the monitoring date LLP 'Ibrayhan and 

K-LTD' and are listed in Table number 3.

One to the fact that at the present time in the Republic is 

not adjusted separate collection of solid waste 'at source' of 

waste, to assess its cost — effective nests is difficult, there 

are no recommendations for the most part of the system of 

separation waste collection for recycling and sale of recov-

ered materials.

In this regard, an important component is the rehabilita-

tion and development of reception centers of secondary re-

sources, thereby reducing the amount of solid waste and the 

complexity of processing.

This way of sorting MSW, is the most economical con-

struction costs of sorting centers and enterprises. In a sit-

uation where there is a need to save all kinds of expenses 

the use of secondary resources provides cost savings in the 

production because into the commercial production of sec-

ondary resources costs are generally much cheaper than pri-

mary resources.

Date on the rate of accumulation of waste per capita in 

rural areas does not exist. Due to lack of date at a rate of 

MSW. Morphological composition of waste in rural areas in 

general has not been studied. From practice it is known that 

it is dominated by organic waste and a smaller proportion of 

plastics, packaging materials, paper and cardboard. In rural 

areas, an organic part of the waste is not usually placed at the 

landfill or landfill as a rule; a large proportion of them is used 

to feed animals or composted at home.

Furthermore wood paper and other combustible materials 

are used for heating. The analysis shows that only a small 

fraction of solid waste in an average of 3–5 % in the Republic 

is currently undergoing a recovery, the rest of waste incin-

erated or placed in landfills without separation into compo-

nents, with the means at their part of secondary material re-

sources are lost.

Of course, the experience of foreign countries the issue of 

foreign countries, the issue of solid waste disposal must be 

submitted to the competitive environment, but some market 

relations can not effectively regulate the process of waste 

management. We should learn from the experience of the 

EU countries where recycling issues addressed together by 

a combination of state and market regulation mechanicals, 

taking into account the specifics of the region.

At the moment, in the Republic there is no enterprise for 

thermal or biological waste, so the production of 'green' en-

ergy from MSW is not established. The first pilot project to 

build a plant mechanical- biological waste treatment in the 

current year is provided in Aktau, he will become the first 

company that can produce ''green'' energy from MSW using 

the technology of anaerobic decomposition of organic waste 

fractions.

In the meantime waste disposal in landfills is the main 

method of permanent disposal. The majority of municipal 

solid waste is not sorted for reuse and recycling, and dump 

them in landfills.

Table

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