24
– truncus pulmonalis;
25
– a. pulmonalis
sinistra;
26
– sinus transversus;
27
– v. pulmonalis;
28
– hilum pulmonis;
29
– pleura parietalis
pars mediastinalis;
30
– pericardium;
31
– obtuse region of the heart;
32
– apex cordis;
33
–
ventriculus sinister;
34
– auricula sinistra;
35
– sharp region of the heart;
36
– sulcus
interventricularis anterior et ramus interventricularis anterior a. coronariae sinistrae;
37
– conus
arteriosus;
38
– ventriculus dexter;
39
– sulcus coronarius et a. coronaria dextra;
40
– auricula dextra
Continuation of Appendix A
68
Figure A.11
– Heart:
1
– r. marginalis a. coronariae d., margo acutus;
2
– pericardium;
3
– nodus lymph. mediast.
ant.;
4
– pleura mediast.;
5
– a. coronaria d. (r. circumflexus) sulcus coron.;
6
– vv. cordis minimae;
7
– a. coronaria d., plexus coron.;
8
– conus art. ventric. d.;
9
– pericardium;
10
– a. coronaria d.,
sulcus coron.;
11
– auricula dextra;
12
– v. pulm. sup.;
13
– nodus sinuatrialis (Keith – Flack);
14
– v. cava sup.;
15
– pericardium;
16
– radix pulmonalis;
17
– a. pulmon. dextra;
18
– n. phren.,
a. pericardiacophren.;
19
– pleura mediast.;
20
– v. cava sup.;
21
– aorta asc., plexus card. aortae;
22
– epicardium aortae;
23
– pericardium;
24
– a. pulmon., plexus card.;
25
– a. pulm. d.;
26
– nodi
lymph. (cordis propr.);
27
– ganglion card. inf., plexus card. superf.;
28
– arcus aortae;
29
– n. recurrens sin., lig. art. (Botalli);
30
– n. vagus sin.;
31
– n. phrenicus sin., a. pericardiacophren.;
32
– v. hemiazygos access.;
33
– pleura mediast.;
34
– epicardium a. pulmonalis;
35
– bulbus arteriae
pulmon.;
36
– pulmon. sin.;
37
– a. pulmon. sin.;
38
– radix pulmon. sin.;
39
– a., v. bronchialis ant.;
40
– pericardium;
41
– v. pulm. sup.;
42
– auricula sin.;
43
– a. coronaria sin., v. cordis magna;
44
– r. circumflexus a. coronariae sin.;
45
– pleura mediast.;
46
– pericardium;
47
– r. interventric.
ant., v. cordis magna, sulcus interventr. ant., plexus coron.;
48
– ventric. sin.;
49
– apex cordis
(vortex);
50
– n. phrenicus sin.;
51
– pleura mediast.;
52
– nodus lymph. mediast. ant. inf.;
53
– diaphragm;
54
– pericardium;
55
– incisura apicis cordis;
56
– ventric. dexter (myocardium);
57
– proc. xiph. sterni;
58
– diaphragm
Continuation of Appendix A
69
Continuation of Appendix A
Figure A.12
– Topography of esophagus:
1
– а. carotis communis dextra;
2
– pharynx;
3
– a. carotis communis sinistra;
4
– v.
jugularis interna sinistra;
5
– plexus brachialis;
6
– v. subclavia sinistra;
7
– ductus
thoracicus;
8
– a. subclavia sinistra;
9
– n. laryngeus recurrens sinister;
10
– a., v. et n.
intercostales;
11
– n. vagus sinister;
12
– aorta thoracica;
13
– esophagus;
14
– truncus
sympathicus;
15
– plexus esophageus nn. vagorum;
16
– diaphragm;
17
– aorta
abdominalis;
18
– truncus coeliacus;
19
– n. splanchnicus major;
20
– n. vagus dexter;
21
– rr. esophagei aortae;
22
– v. azygos;
23
– a. subclavia dextra
70
Continuation of Appendix A
Figure A.13
– Esophageal veins:
1
– rami oesophageales;
2
– v. gastrica dextra;
3
– v. gastrica sinistra;
4
– v. rentalis dextra;
5
– v. portae hepatis;
6
– v. cava inferior;
7
– vv. hepaticae;
8
–
liver;
9
– diaphragm;
10
–
v. cava inferior;
11
– place of entrance of hemiazygos vein into azygos vein;
12
– v. azygos;
13
– v. intercostalis;
14
– oesophagus;
15
– v. intercostalis superior dextra;
16
– v. cava
superior;
17
– v. brachiocephalica dextra;
18
– v. vertebralis;
19
– v. subclavia;
20
– v.
jugularis externa;
21
– v. jugularis interna;
22
– right v. thyroidea inferior;
23
– left
v. thyroidea inferior;
24
– v. jugularis interna;
25
– v. subclavia;
26
– ductus thoracicus;
27
– v. brachiocephalica sinistra;
28
– v. hemiazygos accessoria;
29
– vv. oesophageales;
30
– v. hemiazygos;
31
– vv. comitantes n. vagi;
32
– v. hemiazygos;
33
– vv. phrenica
inferiores;
34
– vv. gastricae breves;
35
– v. splenica;
36
– v. suprarenalis sinistra;
37
–
v. renalis sinistra;
38
– vv. omentales;
39
– v. gastroomentalis sinistra;
40
–
v. mesenterica
inferior;
41
–
v. mesenterica superior;
42
– v. gastroomentalis dextra
71
Test questions
1.
What vessels and nerves are identified in subcutaneous
cellular tissue of subclavian region:
+ nn. supraclaviculares, rr. cutanei anteriores, rr. cutanei
laterales, v. thoracoepigastrica, v. cephalica;
- a. thoracica lateralis, n. thoracicus longus,
n. musculocutaneus, a. et v. thoracodorsalis,
nn. intercostobrachiales;
- nn. pectorales medialis, nn. pectorales lateralis, a. thoracica
lateralis, a. thoracica suprema, n. thoracicus longus;
- nn. supraclaviculares, rr. cutanei anteriores, v. basilica?
2.
How is acute thrombophlebitis of subcutaneous veins of the
anterior chest wall called:
+ Mondor’s disease;
- Paget – Schroetter’s syndrome;
- Wright syndrome;
- Grave’s disease?
3.
Where is superficial subpectoral space identified:
+ between the deep leaf of fascia pectoralis and fascia
clavipectoralis;
- between the superficial leaf of fascia pectoralis and fascia
clavipectoralis;
- between the leaves of superficial fascia;
- between the posterior surface of m. pectoralis minor and
thoracic wall?
4.
What anatomical formations delimit superficial and deep
subpectoral space of breast:
+ minor thoracic muscle and deep leaf of proper fascia of
breast (clavicular costal fascia);
72
- minor thoracic muscle and superficial leaf of proper fascia;
- major thoracic muscle and superficial leaf of proper fascia;
- major thoracic muscle and superficial fascia?
5.
Where is the deep subpectoral space identified:
+ between the posterior surface of m. pectoralis minor and
chest walls;
- between the deep leaf of fascia pectoralis and fascia
clavipectoralis;
- between the leaves of proper fascia;
- between the deep leaf of fascia pectoralis and fascia
clavipectoralis?
6.
What vessels and nerves are identified in the cellular tissue
of superficial
subpectoral space:
+ branches of a. thoracoacromialis, nn. pectorales medialis,
nn. pectorales lateralis;
- a. thoracica lateralis, a. thoracica suprema, n. thoracicus
longus;
- a. circumflexa humeri anterior, v. cephalica;
- branches of a. thoracica lateralis, a. thorocodorsalis?
7.
What incision can expose subpectoral abscess:
+ along the inferior margin of major thoracic muscle;
- along the superior margin of minor thoracic muscle;
- along the margin of the broadest muscle of back;
- along the superior margin of major thoracic muscle?
8.
What is the passage of v. axillaris in relation to the elements
of neurovascular fascicule in trigonum clavipectorale:
+ v. axillaris – inferiorly, medially and anteriorly from
a. axillaris;
73
- v. axillaris – inferiorly, laterally and anteriorly from a. axillaris;
- v. axillaris – superiorly and posteriorly from a. axillaris;
- v. axillaris – medially and anteriorly from plexus brachialis?
9.
What is the passage of plexus brachialis in relation to the
elements of neurovascular fascicle in trigonum
clavipectorale?
+ plexus brachialis – superiorly and posteriorly from a. axillaris;
- plexus brachialis – inferiorly, medially and anteriorly from
a. axillaris;
- plexus brachialis – superiorly and posteriorly from a. axillaris;
- plexus brachialis – medially and anteriorly from v. axillaris?
10.
Identify the branches of a. axillaris in trigonum
clavipectorale:
+ a. thoracica suprema, a. thoracoacromialis;
- a. thoracica lateralis;
- a. thoracica interna, a. transversa colli;
- a. circumflexa humeri anterior et posterior?
11.
Identify the branches of a. axillaris in trigonum pectorale:
+ a. thoracica lateralis;
- a. thoracica suprema, a. thoracoacromialis;
- а. circumflexa humeri anterior et posterior;
- a. thoracica interna, a. transversa colli?
12.
What is the frequency of usage of subclavian vein
catheterization:
+ all of the following;
- constant placement, strict topographic-anatomic orienteer;
- has a significant lumen, does not stick;
- has high rate of blood circulation?
74
13.
What is the reason of the puncture of right subclavian vein
below the clavicle:
+ аll of the following:
- large veins and thoracic lymphatic duct enter the upper wall
of v. subclavia;
- above the clavicle located near the cupola of the pleura;
- below the clavicle the cupula of the pleura is separated from
the vein by the 1st rib?
14.
Determine the most appropriate point for v. subclavia
puncture:
+ Abaniak’s point;
- Yoffe’s point;
- Erb’s point;
- Gueneau de Mussy’s point?
15.
Where is Abaniak’s point identified:
+ 1 сm below the boundary of medial and internal third of the
clavicle;
- 1 сm above the boundary of medial and internal third of the
clavicle;
- 1 сm below the middle of the clavicle;
- a little bit higher than the apex of the angle formed by lateral
crus of sternocleidomastoid muscle and superior margin of
the clavicle?
16.
Where is Yoffe’s point identified:
+ a little bit higher than the apex of the angle formed by lateral
crus of sternocleidomastoid muscle and superior margin of
the clavicle;
- between the crura of sternocleidomastoid muscle;
75
- 1 cm below the border of medial and internal third of the
clavicle;
- 1 cm below the middle of the clavicle?
17.
What is the adequate technique of subclavian vein
puncture by Abaniak’s method:
+ the needle is injected at a 45-degree angle to clavicula, at a
30-degree angle to the surface of the thorax, the cut is
turned forwards and downwards, the needle is directed
backwards and upwards, to the middle of superior margin
of costal clavicular conjunction;
- the needle is injected focusing on the edge of the patient’s
nose, at a 45-degree angle to clavicula, to the surface of the
chest, the cut is turned forwards and downwards;
- a little bit higher than the apex of the angle formed by the
lateral crus of sternocleidomastoid muscle and superior
margin of clavicle, to the middle of superior margin of
sternoclavicular conjunction;
- all the above mentioned?
18.
Characterize the technique of subclavian vein
catheterization by Seldinger method:
+ with the needle the conductor is introduced to the vein, the
needle is removed, through the conductor the catheter is
introduced;
- with the needle the catheter is introduced to the vein,
through the catheter the conductor is introduced;
- the needle is injected at a 45-degree angle to the surface of
the chest, with the needle the catheter is introduced to the
vein;
- all the above mentioned?
76
19.
What symptoms develop at subclavian vein compression in
costoclavicular interspace:
+ Paget – Schroetter syndrome;
- Mondor’s disease;
- Grave’s disease;
- Takayasu syndrome?
20.
What is Paget – Schroetter syndrome characterized by:
+ progressive swelling resulting in disturbances of blood
circulation in limbs, severe pain and cyanosis of the limb;
- dizziness, sonitus, reduction of visual acuity, headaches,
paraesthesia;
- neurotrophic disturbances in minor thoracic muscle;
- all the above mentioned?
21.
What are the methods of surgical treatment of Paget –
Schroetter syndrome:
+ all of the following;
- thrombectomy with the help of Fogarty catheter;
- decompression of vein by excision of subclavian muscle and
1st rib;
- the shunt between the subclavian vein and internal jugular
vein, or direct
anastomosis between the external jugular vein and
subclavian vein?
22.
What vessels participate in the collateral blood circulation
forming “scapular arterial circle” when subclavian artery is
ligated:
+ r. profundus a. transversa colli → a. suprascapularis →
a.circumflexa scapulae;
77
- a. circumflexa humeria → a. thoracica lateralis → a. thoracica
interna;
- a. thoracica suprema → a. axillaris → a. suprascapularis;
- a. cervicalis superficialis → a. suprascapularis→
a. circumflexa scapulae?
23.
What are the sources of blood supply of mammary gland:
+ a. thoracica interna, a. thoracica lateralis, aa. intercostales;
- a. thoracoacromialis, a. thoracica suprema, a. epigastrica
superior;
- a. suprascapularis, a. circumflexa scapulae, a. axillaris;
- а. circumflexa humeri anterior et posterior?
24.
What lymphatic nodes are more likely to metastasize in
case of breast cancer:
+ nodi lymphatici pectorales (Zorgius nodes), nodi lymphatici
axillares;
- nodi lymphatici parasternales, nodi lymphatici intercostales;
- deep cervical lymphatic nodes?
25.
What is the major surgical method to treat benign tumors
of mammary gland:
+ sectoral resection;
- Patey’s mastectomy;
- Halsted – Meyer mastectomy;
- Urban – Holdin mastectomy?
26.
What incision is used to expose intramammary abscesses:
+ Angerer’s incision;
- Bardenheuer – Morestin incision;
- Gosse incision;
- Orr incision?
78
27.
What incision is used to expose retromammary abscesses:
+ Bardenheuer – Morestin;
- Angerer’s incision;
- Gosse;
- Orr?
28.
Who is the author of the most frequently used and typical
incision in radical mastectomy:
+ Gosse;
- Angerer;
- Orr;
- Bardenheuer – Morestin?
29.
Name the author of arciform incision to approach the
subclavian artery:
+ Dzhanelidze;
- Petrovsky;
- Bardenheuer;
- Langenbeck?
30.
Name the author of T-like incision to approach the
subclavian artery:
+ Petrovsky;
- Dzhanelidze;
- Kocher;
- Langenbeck?
31.
What vessels and nerves run in deep subpectoral space:
+ a. et v. thoracica lateralis, n. thoracicus longus;
- v. cephalica, a. et v. axillaris;
- plexus brachialis;
- a. thoracica interna, aa. intercostales?
79
32.
Who is the author of radical mastectomy when major and
minor thoracic muscles are removed:
+ Halsted and Meyer;
- Urban and Holdin;
- Patey;
- Holdin?
33.
Name the author of radical mastectomy when only minor
thoracic muscle is removed:
+ Patey;
- Halsted;
- Meyer;
- Urban?
34.
Name the authors of supraradical mastectomy:
+ Urban and Holdin;
- Patey;
- Halsted and Meyer;
- Petrovsky – Dzhanelidze?
35.
Where is the ligature in subclavian аrtery ligation
performed:
+ distally from truncus thyreocervicalis;
- proximally from truncus thyreocervicalis;
- distally from truncus costocervicalis;
- proximally from truncus costocervicalis?
36.
What is Fogarty catheter during operations on vessels used
for:
+ for thrombectomy;
- for prolonged intravenous infusion of medication;
80
- for intravenous urography;
- for the puncture of subclavian vein?
37.
Where is cellular tissue that can be damaged in
retromammary mastitis located:
+ behind the capsule of mammary gland;
- subcutaneously;
- between the leaves of suspensory ligament of mammary
gland;
- beneath the minor thoracic muscle?
38.
Identify the localization of Zorgius lymph node which is
first damaged by metastasis in breast cancer:
+ beneath the external margin of major thoracic muscle at the
level of the 3rd rib;
- above the clavicle behind the external margin;
- along the passage of the internal thoracic artery;
- in the center of fovea inguinalis?
39.
What fascia forms a capsule of mammary gland:
+ superficial fascia of the breast;
- superficial leaf of proper fascia of the breast;
- clavicular costal fascia;
- visceral fascia?
40.
What is supporting ligament of mammary gland attached
to:
+ clavicle;
- coracoid process of scapula;
- big tubercle of humeral bone head;
- acromion process of scapula?
81
41.
Within what triangle are superficial and deep subpectoral
spaces joined:
+ clavicular costal triangle;
- thoracic triangle;
- subcostal triangle;
- the spaces are not joined?
42.
In what layer is retromammary cellular space identified:
+ between the superficial fascia and superficial leaf of proper
fascia of breast;
- between the major thoracic muscle and clavicular costal
fascia;
- under the minor thoracic muscle;
- under the clavicular costal fascia?
43.
What incision in suppurative subareolar mastitis is more
reasonable from the anatomic point of view:
+ by the outer peripapillary circle;
- radial behind the peripapillary circle;
- by the transitional plicae of mammary gland;
- radial with the cut on peripapillary circle?
44.
What incision in suppurative retromammary mastitis is
more reasonable from the anatomic point of view:
+ by the transitional plicae, under the mammary gland;
- by the outer peripapillary circle;
- radial behind the peripapillary circle;
- radial with the cut on peripapillary circle?
45.
What incision in suppurative intramammary (interstitial or
parenchymatous) mastitis is more reasonable from the
anatomic point of view:
+ radial behind the peripapillary circle;
82
- by the outer peripapillary circle;
- transverse incision above the inflamed organ;
- radial with the incision of peripapillary circle?
46.
Identify the direction of incision to expose intramammary
(parenchymatous and interstitial) mastitis:
+ radial direction;
- semicircular direction;
- oblique direction;
- vertical direction?
47.
How long do external intercostal muscles extend:
+ from the head of the rib to the cartilaginous part of the rib;
- from the costal angle to the costal margin;
- from the head of the rib to the costal angle;
- from the costal margin to costal angles?
48.
How long do internal intercostal muscles extend:
+ from the costal margin to costal angles;
- from the head of the rib to the cartilaginous part of the rib;
- from the vertebral column to the cartilaginous part of the rib;
- from the head of the rib to the costal margin?
49.
How are the elements of neurovascular fascicle located
from above to below:
+ vein, artery, nerve;
- аrtery, vein, nerve;
- аrtery, nerve, vein;
- nerve, vein, аrtery?
83
50.
What arteries supply intercostal interspaces with blood:
+ aa. intercostales anteriores, aa. intercostales posteriores,
a. intercostalis suprema, a. thoracica suprema,
a. musculophrenica;
- a. epigastrica superior, a. phrenica inferior, a. lumbales,
truncus celiacus, a. suprascapularis;
- aa. intercostales anteriores, aa. intercostales posteriores,
a. intercostalis suprema, a. epigastrica superior, a. phrenica
inferior;
- no right answer?
51.
What is the passage of the right intercostal аrteries:
+ behind the esophagus, thoracic duct, v. azygos and truncus
sympathicus;
- in front of truncus sympathicus, esophagus, thoracic duct,
v. hemiazygos;
- laterally from truncus sympathicus, esophagus, thoracic duct;
- medially from thoracic duct, v. hemiazygos?
52.
Where do left intercostal arteries pass:
+ behind v. hemiazygos and truncus sympathicus;
- behind esophagus and thoracic duct;
- in front of truncus sympathicus and esophagus;
- in front of thoracic duct and v. hemiazygos?
53.
What is identified behind aa. intercostales posteriores on the
way from the head to the angle of the rib:
+ mm. intercostales externi;
- mm. intercostales interni;
- fascia endothoracica, subpleural cellular tissue, parietal
pleura;
- mm. transversus thoracis?
84
54.
What is identified in front of aa. intercostales posteriores on
the way from the head to the angle of the rib:
+ fascia endothoracica, subpleural cellular tissue, parietal
pleura;
- mm. intercostales externi;
- mm. intercostales interni;
- mm. transversus thoracis?
55.
Where do posterior intercostal аrteries run on the way
from scapular to the medial inguinal line:
+ in the costal sulcus, between intercostal muscles;
- below the proper rib;
- аbove the proper rib;
- in front of the proper rib?
56.
Where do posterior intercostal аrteries run on the way
between the head and the angle of the rib:
+ below the rib located on the internal surface of mm.
intercostales externi covered by fascia endothoracica,
subpleural cellular tissue, parietal pleura;
- in costal groove, between intercostal muscles;
- аbove the rib;
- in front of the rib?
57.
Where does a. thoracica interna run and what does it
branch off:
+ lower semicircle of a. subclavia in trigonum
scalenovertebrale;
- a. subclavia in spatium antescalenum;
- a. carotis communis in trigonum caroticum;
- pars descendens aortae in the chest?
85
58.
What branches is internal thoracic аrtery divided into:
+ a. epigastrica superior and a. musculophrenica;
- a. epigastrica inferior and a. pericardiacophrenica;
- aa. intercostales posteriores and aa. mediastinales;
- aa. phrenicae superiores and rr. sternalis?
59.
Where does blood from the anterior intercostal veins flow:
+ into v. thoracica interna;
- into v. azygos;
- into v. hemiazygos;
- into v. hemiazygos accessoria?
60.
Where does blood from the posterior right intercostal
veins flow:
+ into v. azygos;
- into v. thoracica interna;
- into v. hemiazygos and v. hemiazygos accessoria;
- v. portae?
61.
Where does blood from the posterior left intercostal veins
flow:
+ into v. hemiazygos and v. hemiazygos accessoria;
- into v. azygos;
- into v. thoracica interna;
- v. portae?
62.
What is intercostal nerve on the way from the
intervertebral opening to the costal angle covered by:
+ intrathoracic fascia, subpleural cellular tissue, parietal
pleura;
- between mm. intercostales externi and mm. intercostales
interni;
86
- it covers fascia endothoracica, runs behind the costal
cartilages;
- behind mm. intercostales interni?
63.
Where is it necessary to make a puncture of the thorax:
+ in the 7th–8th costal interspace, between scapular and
medial axillary lines, along the superior margin of the rib;
- in the 5th–7th costal interspace, along the inferior margin of
the rib, between scapular and vertebral lines;
- in the 4th–5th costal interspace, between scapular and
medial axillary lines, along the superior margin of the rib;
- between mm. intercostales externi and mm. intercostales
interni?
64.
Where is the superior boundary of the right cupula of
diaphragm identified:
+ the 4th rib;
- the 5th rib;
- the 3rd rib;
- the 6th rib?
65.
Where is the superior boundary of the left cupula of
diaphragm identified:
+ the 5th rib;
- the 4th rib;
- the 3rd rib;
- the 6th rib?
66.
What runs through hiatus aorticus of the diaphragm:
+ aorta, ductus thoracicus;
- esophagus, recurrent nerves;
- major and minor abdominal nerves;
- azygos and hemiazygos veins?
87
67.
What runs through the esophageal opening of the
diaphragm:
+ esophagus, vagus nerves;
- recurrent nerves and sympathetic trunk;
- major and minor abdominal nerves;
- аzygos and hemiazygos veins?
68.
What runs between muscle fascicles crus dexter et sinister
of the right and left crura of the diaphragm:
+ truncus sympaticus, abdominal nerves, azygos and
hemiazygos veins;
- recurrent nerves, vagus nerves, aorta, ductus thoracicus;
- vena cava inferior;
- esophagus, vena azygos and hemiazygos?
69.
What runs through foramen of vena cava of the
diaphragm:
+ inferior vena cava, branch of right phrenic nerve;
- superior vena cava, branch of right phrenic nerve;
- sympathetic trunk, recurrent nerves;
- major and minor abdominal nerves?
70.
What is located between the sternal and costal part of the
diaphragm to the left from xiphoid process:
+ Larrey’s fissure;
- Bochdalek foramen;
- Morgagni fissure;
- trigonum lumbocostale?
71.
What is identified between the sternal and costal part of
the diaphragm to the right from xiphoid process:
+ Morgagni fissure;
- Larrey’s fissure;
88
- Bochdalek foramen;
- trigonum lumbocostale?
72.
What passes through trigonum sternocostale:
+ vasa thoracica interna;
- a. et v. musculophrenica;
- a. et v. pericardiacophrenica;
- v. azygos and v. hemiazygos?
73.
What is identified behind esophageal opening of the
diaphragm:
+ aorta;
- pericardium;
- v. cava inferior;
- esophagus?
74.
What is identified in front of esophageal opening of the
diaphragm:
+ pericardium and heart;
- aorta;
- v. cava inferior;
- stomach?
75.
What is identified in front of and to the right from
esophageal opening of the diaphragm:
+ v. cava inferior;
- pericardium;
- heart;
- aorta?
76.
What transmits pus from the cellular tissue of
mediastinum to retroperitoneal cellular tissue:
+ hiatus esophageus, Bochdalek foramen, hiatus aorticus;
89
- Larrey’s fissure, Morgagni fissure, v. cava inferior;
- esophagus;
- cupula of diaphragm?
77.
What is attached to retroperitoneal part of the diaphragm:
+ pancreas, duodenum, kidneys and adrenal glands;
- stomach, heart, liver, gallbladder, spleen, lungs;
- v. azygos, liver, gallbladder, spleen, v. hemiazygos;
- spleen, bottom of the stomach, left lobe of the liver?
78.
What is attached to the right cupula of diaphragm from
below:
+ liver;
- stomach;
- spleen;
- pancreas, duodenum, kidneys and adrenal glands?
79.
What is attached to the left cupula of diaphragm from
below:
+ spleen, bottom of the stomach, left lobe of the liver;
- gallbladder;
- pancreas, duodenum, left kidney and adrenal gland;
- right kidney?
80.
What is attached to the diaphragm from above:
+ pericardium, base of the lungs;
- stomach;
- gallbladder, spleen;
- kidneys and adrenal glands, liver?
81.
What arteries penetrate the diaphragm superiorly and
anteriorly:
+ a. musculophrenica, a. pericardiacophrenica;
90
- a. phrenica superior;
- a. phrenica inferior;
- a. vertebralis?
82.
What arteries penetrate the diaphragm superiorly and
posteriorly:
+ a. phrenica superior;
- a. musculophrenica, a. pericardiacophrenica;
- a. phrenica inferior;
- a. vertebralis?
83.
What is the main vessel that nourishes the diaphragm:
+ a. phrenica inferior;
- a. phrenica superior;
- a. musculophrenica, a. pericardiacophrenica;
- a. vertebralis?
84.
Where does the venous blood from superior surface of the
diaphragm flow:
+ into v. azygos et v. hemiazygos;
- into v. cava inferior;
- into v. portae;
- into v. cava superior?
85.
Where does venous blood from inferior surface of the
diaphragm flow:
+ into v. cava inferior;
- into v. azygos et v. hemiazygos;
- into v. portae;
- into vv. vertebralis?
86.
What operation is most effective in paraesophageal hernia
with reflux-esophagitis:
+ Nissen fundoplication;
91
- Heller’s cardiotomy;
- Kocher’s mobilization;
- cardiolysis by Reno?
87.
What is identified behind the cervical pleura:
+ a. vertebralis, ganglion stellatum, ductus thoracicus (to the
left), head and neck of the 1st rib, m. longus colli;
- mm. scaleni;
- truncus brachiocephalicus;
- plexus brachialis?
88.
What is identified externally and in front of the cervical
pleura:
+ mm. scaleni;
- a. vertebralis, ganglion stellatum, ductus thoracicus (to the
left), head and neck of the 1st rib, m. longus colli;
- truncus brachiocephalicus;
- plexus brachialis?
89.
What is identified externally from the cervical pleura:
+ plexus brachialis;
- mm. scaleni;
- truncus brachiocephalicus;
- plexus brachialis?
90.
What is identified medially to the right from the cervical
pleura:
+ truncus brachiocephalicus;
- a. carotis communis;
- trachea, esophagus;
- plexus brachialis?
92
91.
What is identified medially to the left from the cervical
pleura:
+ a. carotis communis;
- truncus brachiocephalicus;
- ductus thoracicus;
- v. subclavia?
92.
What is identified in front and superiorly from the cervical
pleura:
+ a. subclavia;
- v. subclavia;
- plexus brachialis;
- ganglion stellatum?
93.
What is identified in front of the cervical pleura:
+ v. subclavia;
- a. subclavia;
- trachea, esophagus;
- ductus thoracicus?
94.
What is identified behind and medially from the cervical
pleura:
+ trachea, esophagus;
- a. subclavia;
- plexus brachialis;
- a. vertebralis?
95.
What is attached to mediastinal pleura in anterior-inferior
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