16
(retromammary).
The operation is performed under general anaesthesia. The
inramammarial abscesses are lancing according to Angerer
method. Fibroadenoma is the most
frequent type of benign
tumour. Fibroadenomae are slowly growing round nodes of firm
or a bit elastic texture, with smooth or a bit lumpy surface, and
are well-separated from surrounding tissues. Fibroadenomae are
considered as precancer conditions, and are subject to operative
treatment. The definitive treatment of mammary cancer is
radical mastectomy.
Under the breast fascia there are muscles mm. pectorales
major et minor, which cover chest cage in front, and m.
serratus anterior and m. latissimus dorsi,
which cover it
sideways and from behind. The m. obliquus abdominis
externus spring from lateral surface of thoracic cage and
covers external surfaces of ribs and intercostal spaces.
In its turn intercostal spaces are filled with intercostal
muscles, blood vessels and nerves. External intercostal
muscles (mm. intercostales externi)
fill intercostal spaces
between the head of the ribs to the cartilage. Membrana
intercostalis externa is their prolongation which looks libe
bright aponeurotic plates. The direction of muscle is from top
to bottom and back to front.
Internal intercostal muscles (mm. intercostales interni) fill
intercostal spaces from the lateral part of the chest to the
costovertebral angle. The direction of muscles is from bottom
to top and from the front to back. Membrana intercostali
interna is the prolongation of muscles.
There is an intercostal slot between
external and internal
intercostal muscles bounded with costal sulcus. The slot is
filled with adipose tissue where the intercostal neurovascular
bundle is located. The elements of neurovascular bundle are
17
located in the following way: there are a vein on the top, a
nerve
on the bottom, and the artery is located between the
vein and nerve (Fig. A.6; Fig. A.7).
The chest is supplied with blood by aa. intercostales
posteriores from the thoracic part of aorta and by anterior
intercostal arteries (aa. intercostales anteriores) from a.
thoracica interna. The first and the second intercostal spaces
are supplied with blood by the a. intercostalis suprema from
truncus costocervicalis and a. thoracica superior from the first
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