parts of intercostal spaces. They flow into v. brachiocephalica

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3. V. hemiazygos – drains blood in the left posterior parts of 
4th – 5th inferior intercostal spaces. It flows into azygos vein. 
4. V. hemiazygos accessoria – drains blood from the 6th –
7th upper intercostal spaces at the left, and also from the 
esophagus and cellular tissue of posterior mediastinum. It 
flows into azygos vein. 
Lymph nodes in the intercostal spaces pass along the 
intercostal neurovascular bundle. From anterior parts of 
intercostal spaces lymph outflows into the parasternal lymph 
nodes which are located along internal thoracic vessels; then 
into the right and left subclavian trunks. From posterior 
intercostal spaces lymph outflows through intercostal nodes 
into prevertebral nodes, and then into Van Hoorne's canal 
(thoracic duct). 
Intercostal nerves pass behind subcostal groove, that's why 
thoracocentesis is made along the superior border of the rib.
Each of 12 pairs of cerebrospinal nerves has: 
1. R. meningeus is sensitive and goes to the maters of spinal 
cord. 
2. R. communicans albus contains antenodal sympathetic 
fibres which go to the nodes of sympathetic trunk. 
3. R. dorsalis is mixed and divides into middle and lateral 
branches which provide innervation of skin and back muscles. 
4. R. ventralis of thoracic nerve are called nn. intercostales. 
Each intercostal nerve having reached costal angle penetrates 
into the groove between external and internal intercostal 
muscles. 
Six superior intercostal nerves go to the sternum and give 
branches called rr. cutanei anteriores which innervate skin of 
anterior thoracic wall. Five inferior intercostal nerves and 
infracostal nerve go to the anterior wall of abdomen, follow 
the arteries and lie in the groove between abdominal internal 

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oblique muscle and transverse muscle of abdomen. They 
penetrate into the sheath of rectus abdominis muscle, 
innervate this muscle, skin of anterior abdominal wall, parietal 
pleura and peritoneum.
Along the entire length from intervertebral foramen to the 
costal angle the nerve is covered only with endothoracic 
fascia, subpleural tissue and pleura. It causes pain radiation in 
pleuritis to the abdomen and muscles of anterior abdominal 
wall.

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