Органы речи и их деятельность при возникновении звуков


CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS



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phonetics stress-1

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS

Consonants are the sounds made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities.


Consonants are the bones of a word and give it its basic shape. English accents differ mainly in vowels, the consonants are more or less the same.


Can you guess what is written here? Which variant is easier to read?


w-ll y- - -nv-t- m- t- th- p-rt-?
-i- - -ou i- -i-e –e –o - -e –a- - y?


The main principles of classification



The degree of noise



Noise consonants (NS)

voiceless

Strong / fortis

p t f k s θ ʃ tʃ

voiced

Weak / lenis

b d v g z ð Ʒ dƷ

Sonorants

m n η w l r j

The manner of articulation

Complete obstruction

Occlusive NS / stops / plosives

p b t d k g

Occlusive sonorants

m n η

Incomplete obstruction

Constrictive NS / fricatives

f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Constrictive sonorants

w l r j

Occlusive-constrictive / affricates

tʃ dʒ

The place of articulation

Bilabial

p b m w

Labio-dental

f v

Forelingual

t ds z ʃ ʒ θ ð dʒ tʃ n l

Interdental

θ ð

Alveolar

t d s z n l

Post-alveolar

R

Palate-alveolar

ʃ ʒ dʒ tʃ

Mediolingual (palatal)

J

Backlingual (velar)

k g η

Glottal

H



1. Complete the chart with the appropriate sound examples



Place of articulation

Manner of articulation

bila-bial

labio-dental

forelingual

palatal

velar

glottal

inter-dental

alveolar

post-alveolar

palato-alveolar

plosives




























fricatives




























affricates




























sonorants






























OCCLUSIVE NOISE CONSONANTS

Occlusive noise consonants are [p b t d k g]


They are occlusive because a complete obstruction to the stream or air is formed. They are stops because the breath is stopped at some point of articulation and then released with an explosion that is why they are also called plosives.
Stops are oral because the soft palate is raised and the air goes through the mouth.
[p t k] in initial position in a stressed syllable are accompanied by aspiration, i.e. strong puff of breath, e.g. port, talk, cart, poke, take, Kate (before a long vowel or a diphthong).






Bilabial

Forelingual

Backlingual

Strong voiceless aspirated










Weak voiced non-aspirated












CONSTRICTIVE FRICATIVE CONSONANTS

The sounds are constrictive because the air passage is constricted and an incomplete obstruction is formed, they are fricative, because the air passes through the narrowing with audible friction.








Labio-dental

Interdental

Alveolar

Palate-alveolar

Glottal

Strong voiceless
















Weak voiced


















OCCLUSIVE CONSTRICTIVE CONSONANTS (AFFRICATES)

The sounds are occlusive-constrictive because a complete obstruction to the stream of air is formed and it is released slowly with friction.


Since [ʃt, dƷ] are palate-alveolar, they are slightly palatalized because the front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate.
Palatalization is


SONORANTS

Sonorants are sounds pronounced with tone prevailing over noise. Sonorants may be both occlusive [m, n, η] and constrictive [l, r, w, j].








Labial

Alveolar

Post-alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Occlusive nasal
















Contrictive oral

















2. Guess what sound it is
??? – consonant, voiceless, strong, plosive, velar
??? - consonant, voiceless, strong, plosive, forelingual
3. Make 10 your own riddles about the sounds

CLASSIFICATION OF VOWEL SOUNDS

Vowels are normally made with the air stream that meets no obstruction in the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal cavities.


All English vowels are divided into monophthongs or simple vowels, diphthongs or double vowels and diphthongoids.
Monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging. English simple vowels are generally divided into long and short.
In the pronunciation of diphthongs the organs of speech glide from one vowel position to another within one syllable.
Diphthongoids are the sounds whose initial point of articulation slightly differs from the end one.
The changes in the position of the tongue determine largely the shape of the mouth and pharyngeal cavities. Position of the tongue may change vertically and horizontally.
The shape of the mouth cavity is also largely dependent on the position of the lips.


The main principles of classification



Stability of articulation

monophthongs

[i e æ a: o o: u ʌ з: ǝ]

diphthongs

[ei ai oi au ou iǝ eǝ uǝ]

diphthongoids

[i: u:]

Vertical position of the tongue

close

[i: i u u:]

mid

[e ʌ з: ǝ]

open

[æ a: o o:]

Horizontal position of the tongue

Front

[i: e æ]

Front-retraced

[i]

Central,

[ʌ з: ǝ]

Back-advanced

[u]

Back

[a: o o: u:]

The position of the lips

Rounded

[o o: u u:]

Unrounded

[i: i e æ a: ʌ з: ǝ]



1. Complete the chart with the appropriate sound examples






Front

Front-retraced

Central

Back-advanced

Back

close
















mid
















open


















2. Compare the Russian and English words and their pronunciation features.

Bit быт
Mill мил
Pill пил
Spell спел
Net нет
Beck бек/г
Patch печь
Back бег
Lad лад
Bank банк
Pass пас
Lark лак
Can’t кант
Dull дал
Done дан
Luck лак
Ruck рак
Cock кок
Lock лог
Rot рот
Plot плот
Caught кот
Bought бот
Stall смел
Call кол
Foot фут
Look лук
Put пуд
Soot суд




3. Read the Russian words. Think of their English phonetic equivalents.
Бей, лей, клей, рейд, май, дай, лай, тайм, шоу, скаут, нокаут


4.Compare the sounds

  1. [u:] and [i:]

  2. [ʌ] and [u]

  3. [o] and [a:]

  4. [e] and [з:]

  5. [i:] and [e]

  6. [з:] and [ǝ]



5. Answer the questions
Is a diphthong [ei] longer in laid than in late?
Is the diphthong [eǝ] longer in pear or in pears?


VOWEL SEQUENCES
All vowel sequences are pronounced with a smooth glide between them both within words and between words. No glottal stop is recommended, eg ruin, react, beyond, go out.
The most common sequences are formed by adding the neutral schwa vowel to a diphthong, especially to [ai], [au], e.g. lion, hour.
In fluent English speech one word is not separated from another, the end of one word flows straight on to the beginning of the next.
The articles take the forms [ði:] and [ǝn] before words beginning with a vowel sound to help us glide continually from one word to another, e.g. the arm, an arm.
The letter ‘r’ spelled at the end of words is pronounced before the next word beginning with a vowel to link the words (the linking ‘r’) e.g. nearer and nearer.


MODIFICATION OF VOWELS IN THE CONNECTED SPEECH

Reduction is a historical process of weakening shortening or disappearance of vowel sounds in unstressed position.


The neutral sound schwa represents the reduced form of almost any vowel or diphthong in the unstressed position
Combine – [kombain – kǝmbain]
Project – [prodƷekt – prǝdƷekt]

Non-reduced unstressed sounds are often retained in:



  1. Compound words, blackboard, blackbird

  2. Borrowings from foreign languages, bourgeoisie, kolkhoz





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