arms race, to look for a needle in a haystack, climate of political unrest). But there is a huge dump
of worn-out metaphors which have lost all evocative power and are merely used because they
save people the trouble of inventing phrases for themselves. Moreover, using stale (“dead”)
metaphors, similes, idioms the author leaves vagueness in the meaning (e.g. iron resolution,
toe the line).
We need to remember that much of our information about politics, governmental
activities, business conditions, and foreign affairs comes to us selected and slanted. Slanting
may be defined as the process of selecting (1) knowledge - factual and attitudinal; (2) words;
and (3) emphasis, to achieve the intention of the communicator. Slanting is present in some
degree in all communication: one can slant for (favorable slanting), slant against (unfavorable
slanting) or slant both ways (balanced slanting).
Slanting by use of the device of emphasis is unavoidable, for emphasis is simply the
giving of stress to subject matter, so indicating different attitude or different judgement of
the subject matter. In writing the emphasis can be achieved and so can slant by t he use of
more complex patterns of word order, by choice of connectives even by marks of
punctuation.
Another way of slanting is the use of charged words. Whenever we wish to convey any
kind of inner knowledge - feelings, attitudes, judgements, - we are obliged to convey that
attitudinal meaning through the nftdium of charged language. It shapes our attitudes and
values even without our conscious knowledge; it gives purpose to, and guides our actions;
through it we establish and maintaiii relations with oth er people and by means of it we exert
our greatest influence on them.
The typical syntactical features of diplomatic documents (except letters) are the
predominance of extended simple sentences and complex sentences, abundant use of
participial constructions (as in the preamble), the tendency to separate the subject and the
predicate, profusion of homogeneous members. Like in legal documents, there is an
expressed tendency to avoid anaphorical pronoun reference and to repeat compound terms in
full (the Secretary-General of the United Nations, and not he or the Secretary-General). These
traits are dictated by the necessity of the transparence of meaning, elimination of all possible
12
ambiguity, and avoidance of the wrong interpretation of the document, which ma y cause
undesirable consequences.
One may also notice the insistent use of shall with the third person which expresses not
the will of the grammatical subject, but the will, determination of the undersigned regarding
the subject. The latter thus stands notionally in something of an objective relationship to it
(“The Commonwealth and Foreign Missions are particularly requested to note that the
Ministry of External Affairs shall be grateful if the conversion of Diplomatic Missions in ...”
“This Convention ... shall be deposited “The Committee shall be competent to exercise the
functions ...”)•
Among other notable features of diplomatic correspondence one may mention the use
of abbreviations.
Examples:
HE
- His/Her Excellency
HM
- Her/His Majesty
HMG - Her/His Majesty’s Government
P.C. - Private Counsellor
R.S.V.P. - reponder, s’il vout plait (meaning, “Please reply”) R.s.v.p.
p.f.
- pour feliciter (meaning “Congratulation”)
p.r.
- pour remercier (meaning “Thanks”)
p.c.
- pour condolence (meaning “Condolences”)
p.p.
- pour presenter (meaning “Introducing”)
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