2 . D I P L O M A T I C C O M M U N I C A T I O N S
B E T W E E N S T A T E S
One major and, in fact, increasingly important aspect of diplomatic work is the drafting of
diplomatic documents.
There are many different forms of official diplomatic documents. A considerable proportion
consists of documents that are of a purely intradepartmental nature. Another category of diplomatic
documents are those through which official international intercourse goes on in written form. Such
documents express the position of a state on a particular question of international affairs. Some of
them are confidential by virtue of specific circumstances (there are even oral messages or oral
statements whose contents are read out but not officially handed over to the addressees).
A large number of diplomatic documents are never published owing to the insignificance of their
subject matter (for instance, notes requesting visas).But a fairly large proportion of diplomatic
documents, particularly those relating to important international problems, are made public.
Until recently diplomatic practice distinguished the following five forms of written official
communications:
(1) personal notes, (2) verbal notes (notes verbales), (3) aides- memoire, (4) memoranda, and (5)
semi-official letters.
A personal note takes the form of a letter drawn up in the first person on behalf of its signatory. It
begins with a salutation and ends with a complimentary phrase, that is, a standard expression of polite
respect.
A verbal note is considered to be the most commonly used form of diplomatic communication.lt is
drawn up in the third person and is not usually signed. It begins and ends with standard formulas of
courtesy.
Some handbooks on diplomatic practice, notably the fundamental book by Ernest Satow, do not
name personal notes as an independent form of diplomatic communication,but simply refer to “notes”.
It is,however,stipulated that a note may be either in the first or in the third person.
In diplomatic practice it is now common to distinguish between personal notes and verbal notes,
the former being a note drawn up in the first person and signed, and the latter being drawn up in the
third person and either initialled or left unsigned.
Until fairly recently the choice of the form of a note, signed or unsigned, was regarded as a definite
indication of the state of relations between the countries concerned. Nowadays verbal notes have
become part and parcel of the international intercourse, and no one would now regard a verbal note
sent to an embassy as a display of any ill will.
The aide-memoire. Diplomatic practice knows two types of aides-memoire: (a) handed over
personally and (b) delivered by a courier. The purpose of transmitting an aide-memoire is to facilitate
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the further progress of a transaction and to prevent the subject of a personal conversation or an oral
statement from being misinter-preted or misunderstood.
A memorandum may be a separate and independent document or it may be appended to a personal
note or a verbal note. In the latter case the memorandum elaborates and justifies the subject matter
dealt with in the note. The distinguishing feature of a memorandum is a detailed exposition of the
factual or legal aspects of a particular question.
In describing the memorandum, Ernest Satow notes that this form of diplomatic document is often
a detailed statement of facts, and of arguments based thereon, not differing essentially from a note,
except that it does not begin or end with a formula of courtesy, and need not be signed, but it may be
convenient to accompany it with a short covering note. In earlier times these were often termed
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